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1 indiscriminate

adjective

1) (undiscriminating) unkritisch

2) (unrestrained, promiscuous) wahllos; willkürlich [Anwendung]

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in·dis·crimi·nate

[ˌɪndɪˈskrɪmɪnət]

adj

1. (unthinking) unüberlegt, unbedacht; (uncritical) unkritisch

the \indiscriminate use of fertilizers will cause major damages to the environment der willkürliche Einsatz von Düngemitteln wird große Umweltschäden anrichten

2. (random) wahllos, willkürlich

the terrorists have made \indiscriminate attacks on civilians die Terroristen verübten blinde Attacken auf Zivilisten

▪ to be \indiscriminate in sth bei etw dat keine Unterschiede machen

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["IndI'skrImInɪt]
adj
wahllos; spending also unüberlegt; reading also kritiklos, unkritisch; mixture also kunterbunt; choice willkürlich; reader, shopper kritiklos, unkritisch; tastes unausgeprägt
you shouldn't be so indiscriminate in the friends you make — du solltest dir deine Freunde etwas sorgfältiger aussuchen

he was completely indiscriminate in whom he punished — er verteilte seine Strafen völlig wahllos or willkürlich

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indiscriminate [ˌındıˈskrımınət] adj

1. a) nicht wählerisch:

he is indiscriminate in making friends er schließt mit jedem Freundschaft

b) urteils-, kritiklos

2. a) wahl-, unterschiedslos:

he dealt out indiscriminate blows er schlug blind oder wahllos um sich

b) ungeordnet, kunterbunt

* * *

adjective

1) (undiscriminating) unkritisch

2) (unrestrained, promiscuous) wahllos; willkürlich [Anwendung]

* * *

adj.

wahllos adj.

wahlloser adj.

English-german dictionary > indiscriminate
2 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
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consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
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the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
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strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
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the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
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the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
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the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
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Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
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Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
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Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
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Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
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Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
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Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
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provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
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enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
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introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
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not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
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an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
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an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
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to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
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further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
3 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
4 cut

1. present participle - cutting; verb
1) (to make an opening in, usually with something with a sharp edge: He cut the paper with a pair of scissors.) cortar

2) (to separate or divide by cutting: She cut a slice of bread; The child cut out the pictures; She cut up the meat into small pieces.) cortar

3) (to make by cutting: She cut a hole in the cloth.) cortar, hacer

4) (to shorten by cutting; to trim: to cut hair; I'll cut the grass.) cortar

5) (to reduce: They cut my wages by ten per cent.) reducir, recortar

6) (to remove: They cut several passages from the film.) cortar, suprimir

7) (to wound or hurt by breaking the skin (of): I cut my hand on a piece of glass.) cortar

8) (to divide (a pack of cards).) cortar

9) (to stop: When the actress said the wrong words, the director ordered `Cut!') cortar

10) (to take a short route or way: He cut through/across the park on his way to the office; A van cut in in front of me on the motorway.) cortar (por)

11) (to meet and cross (a line or geometrical figure): An axis cuts a circle in two places.) cortar

12) (to stay away from (a class, lecture etc): He cut school and went to the cinema.) saltarse

13) ((also cut dead) to ignore completely: She cut me dead in the High Street.) ignorar, hacer como si no viera

2. noun
1) (the result of an act of cutting: a cut on the head; a power-cut (= stoppage of electrical power); a haircut; a cut in prices.) corte

2) (the way in which something is tailored, fashioned etc: the cut of the jacket.) corte

3) (a piece of meat cut from an animal: a cut of beef.) corte, trozo

•

- cutter
- cutting
3. adjective
(insulting or offending: a cutting remark.) cortante

- cut glass
- cut-price
- cut-throat
4. adjective
(fierce; ruthless: cut-throat business competition.) feroz, encarnizado, despiadado

- a cut above
- cut and dried
- cut back
- cut both ways
- cut a dash
- cut down
- cut in
- cut it fine
- cut no ice
- cut off
- cut one's losses
- cut one's teeth
- cut out
- cut short

cut¹ n corte

I've got a cut on my finger tengo un corte en el dedo

cut² vb cortar

he cut his finger se cortó el dedo

she cuts her own hair se corta el pelo ella misma

cut the pizza in three corta la pizza en tres trozos

El pasado y participio pasado son cut; el gerundio se escribe cutting

cut

tr[kʌt]

transitive verb (pt & pp cut, ger cutting)

1 (gen) cortar; (stone, glass) tallar; (record) grabar; (key, hole) hacer

■ I've cut my hand me he cortado la mano

■ you've had your hair cut te has cortado el pelo

2 (divide) cortar, partir, dividir

■ cut it in two córtalo por la mitad

■ he cut the cake into eight pieces cortó el pastel en ocho trozos

3 (reduce - level, number) reducir; (- budget, spending) recortar; (- price) rebajar, reducir

■ the firm cut the workforce by 50% la empresa redujo la plantilla en un 50%

4 (shorten) acortar; (remove) cortar; (edit) editar; (censor) hacer cortes en, censurar

■ a scene has been cut from the film han cortado una escena de la película

5 (hurt feelings of, cause pain) herir

6 (adulterate) mezclar, cortar

intransitive verb

1 (knife, scissors) cortar

2 (of food) cortarse

3 SMALLCINEMA/SMALL cortar

■ cut! ¡corten!

noun

1 (wound, incision) corte nombre masculino; (deep cut) tajo; (knife wound) cuchillada

2 (of meat - joint) corte nombre masculino; (- piece cut off) trozo

3 (share) parte nombre femenino, tajada

4 (reduction - in budget, services, wages) recorte nombre masculino; (- in level, number, price) reducción nombre femenino

■ tax cuts reducción de impuestos

■ fight the cuts! ¡luchad contra los recortes!

5 (deletion, removal) corte nombre masculino; (part deleted) trozo omitido

6 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL corte nombre masculino, apagón nombre masculino

■ there's been a power cut han cortado la luz

7 (of hair, garment) corte nombre masculino

8 (insult) desaire nombre masculino, corte nombre masculino

adjective

1 (flowers) cortado,-a; (glass) tallado,-a

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

cut the crap! ¡corta el rollo!

to be a cut above somebody/something ser superior a alguien/algo

to be cut out for something estar hecho,-a para algo

to be cut up about something estar disgustado por algo, estar afectado,-a por algo

to cut a long story short en resumidas cuentas

to cut a tooth salirle un diente a uno

to cut both/two ways ser de doble filo

to cut classes/school/lessons hacer novillos

to cut one's hair cortarse el pelo (uno,-a mismo,-a)

to cut it fine llegar con el tiempo justo, dejar poco margen

to cut no ice (with somebody) no convencer (a alguien)

to cut off one's nose to spite one's face tirar piedras sobre su tejado

to cut one's losses reducir las pérdidas

to cut somebody dead desairar a alguien, volverle la cara a alguien

to cut somebody down in their prime segar la juventud de alguien

to cut somebody down to size bajarle los humos a alguien

to cut somebody loose/free soltar a alguien

to cut something/somebody short interrumpir algo/a alguien, cortar algo/a alguien en seco

to cut the ground from under somebody's feet echar por tierra los planes de alguien

to have one's work cut out costarle a uno, tener que trabajar mucho

the cut and thrust (of something) el toma y daca (de algo)

cut ['kʌt] v, cut ; cutting vt

1) : cortar

to cut paper: cortar papel

2) : cortarse

to cut one's finger: cortarse uno el dedo

3) trim: cortar, recortar

to have one's hair cut: cortarse el pelo

4) intersect: cruzar, atravesar

5) shorten: acortar, abreviar

6) reduce: reducir, rebajar

to cut prices: rebajar los precios

7)

to cut one's teeth : salirle los dientes a uno

cut vi

1) : cortar, cortarse

2)

to cut in : entrometerse

cut n

1) : corte m

a cut of meat: un corte de carne

2) slash: tajo m, corte m, cortadura f

3) reduction: rebaja f, reducción f

a cut in the rates: una rebaja en las tarifas

cut

adj.

• acuchillado, -a adj.

• cortado, -a adj.

• tajado, -a adj.

• tallado, -a adj.

n.

• cortadura s.f.

• corte s.m.

• reducción s.f.

• surco s.m.

• tajo s.m.

• talla s.f.

• tijeretazo s.m.

pret., p.p.

(Preterito definido y participio pasivo de "to cut")

cut (s.o.) off (In speech)

expr.

• cortarle el discurso a alguien expr.

cut (sth.) out from one's diet

expr.

• eliminar (algo) de su régimen expr.

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: cut) = cortar v.

• desmochar v.

• grabar v.

• incidir v.

• partir v.

• pelar v.

• sajar v.

• tajar v.

• tallar v.

• tijeretear v.

• truncar v.

• tusar v.

v.

• atusar (Pelo) v.

I kʌt
noun

1)

a) ( wound) tajo m, corte m

b) ( incision) corte m

2)

a) ( reduction)

a wage cut — un recorte salarial

to make cuts in essential services — hacer* recortes en los servicios esenciales

to take a cut in salary — aceptar un sueldo más bajo

b) (in text, film) corte m

c) ( power cut) apagón m

3)

a) ( haircut) corte m de pelo

b) ( of suit) corte m

to be a cut above somebody/something — (colloq)

he thinks himself a cut above the rest — se cree superior a los demás

this hotel is a cut above the Ambassador — este hotel es de mayor categoría que el Ambassador

4) ( of meat - type) corte m; (- piece) trozo m

5) ( share) (colloq) tajada f (fam), parte f

6) ( blow - with knife) cuchillada f

cut and thrust: the cut and thrust of politics — el toma y daca de la vida política

II
1.

(pres p cutting; past & past p cut) transitive verb

1) \<\<wood/paper/wire/rope\>\> cortar

to cut something/somebody loose — soltar* algo/a alguien

cut the top off it — córtale la parte de arriba

they cut a path through the undergrowth — abrieron un camino a través de la maleza

to cut it fine — (colloq) calcular muy justo, dejar poco margen

to cut something in half — cortar algo por la mitad

I cut my finger — me corté el dedo; see also short II 1)

2)

a) ( trim) \<\<hair/nails\>\> cortar; \<\<grass/corn\>\> cortar, segar*

to get one's hair cut — cortarse el pelo

b) ( shape) \<\<glass/stone\>\> tallar; \<\<key\>\> hacer*

3) ( excavate)

to cut something (INTO something): a tunnel cut into the mountain — un túnel excavado en la montaña

4) ( reduce) \<\<level/number\>\> reducir*; \<\<budget\>\> recortar; \<\<price/rate\>\> rebajar, reducir*; \<\<service/workforce\>\> hacer* recortes en

5)

a) ( shorten) \<\<text\>\> acortar

b) ( remove) \<\<scene\>\> cortar

c) \<\<film\>\> ( edit) editar; \<\<censors\>\> hacer* cortes en

6) ( in cards) \<\<deck\>\> cortar

7) (colloq) ( ignore)

to cut somebody dead — dejar a alguien con el saludo en la boca

8) (colloq)

a) ( cease)

cut the sob story! — deja ya de dar pena!

cut the wisecracks! — basta ya de bromas!

b) ( switch off) \<\<engine/lights\>\> apagar*

2.

vi

1)

a) \<\<knife/scissors\>\> cortar

to cut INTO something: the rope cut into her wrists la cuerda le estaba cortando or lastimando las muñecas; to cut loose (colloq) ( break free) romper* las ataduras; ( lose restraint) (esp AmE): he cut loose with a string of insults — soltó una sarta de insultos

b) \<\<words\>\> herir*

her remarks cut deep — sus palabras lo (or la etc) hirieron en lo más vivo

c) ( be cuttable)

it cuts easily — se corta fácilmente

2) (Cin, Rad)

cut! — corte(n)!

3) ( in cards) cortar

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- cut across

- cut back

- cut down

- cut in

- cut off

- cut out

- cut through

- cut up

III

adjective (before n) < flowers> cortado; < glass> tallado

[kʌt] (vb: pt, pp cut)
1. N

1) (in skin) corte m, cortadura f; (=wound) herida f; (Med) (=incision) corte m, incisión f; (=slash) tajo m; (with knife) cuchillada f; (with whip) latigazo m; (Cards) corte m

he's got a cut on his forehead — tiene un corte en la frente

he had a cut on his chin from shaving — se había hecho un corte or se había cortado en la barbilla al afeitarse

he was treated for minor cuts and bruises — recibió asistencia médica por heridas y hematomas

there's a cut in his jacket — lleva una raja en la chaqueta

to be a cut above sb —

he's a cut above the others — está por encima de los demás

- the cut and thrust of politics

- the unkindest cut of all

2) (=reduction) (in wages, prices, production) rebaja f, reducción f; (in expenditure, budget) corte m, recorte m; (in tax, interest rates) bajada f, rebaja f; (in staff, workforce) reducción f, recorte f; (=deletion) corte m; (=deleted part) trozo m suprimido; (Elec) apagón m, corte m

public spending cuts — cortes mpl presupuestarios

wage cuts — rebajas fpl de sueldo

to take a cut in salary — aceptar una reducción de sueldo

they made some cuts in the text — hicieron algunos cortes en el texto, suprimieron algunas cosas del texto

3) [of clothes etc] corte m; [of hair] corte m, peinado m

4) [of meat] (=part of animal) corte m (de carne); (=piece) trozo m; (=slice) tajada f

5) * (=share) parte f, tajada f

the salesman gets a cut of 5% — el vendedor recibe su parte de 5%

6) (=woodcut) grabado m; (US) foto f, diagrama m, dibujo m

7)

cut and paste — (Comput) cortar y pegar

8) see short 5.

2. VT

1) [+ meat, bread, cards] cortar

• to cut one's finger — cortarse el dedo

• to cut sb free — (from wreckage) liberar a algn; (when tied up) desatar or soltar a algn

• to cut sth in half — cortar algo por la mitad

• to cut sth open — [+ fruit, vegetable, body, package] abrir algo

I cut my hand open on a tin — me corté la mano en una lata

he cut his head open — se abrió la cabeza

• to cut sth (in)to pieces — cortar algo en pedazos

to cut an army to pieces — aniquilar un ejército

• to cut sth to size — cortar algo a la medida

• to cut sb's throat — degollar a algn

he is cutting his own throat — (fig) labra su propia ruina

• to cut sth in two — cortar or partir algo en dos

- you could cut the atmosphere with a knife
fine I, 2., 2), ice 1., 1), loss 1., 2), tooth 1., 1)
2) (=shape) [+ stone, glass, jewel] tallar; [+ key, hole] hacer; [+ channel] abrir, excavar; [+ engraving, record] grabar

to cut one's way through — abrirse camino por
coat 1., 1)
3) (=clip, trim) [+ hedge, grass] cortar; [+ corn, hay] segar

to get one's hair cut — cortarse el pelo

4) (=reduce) [+ wages, prices, production] reducir, rebajar (by 5% en un 5 por cien); [+ expenditure] reducir, recortar; [+ taxes, interest rates] bajar, rebajar; [+ staff, workforce] reducir, recortar; [+ speech, text] acortar, hacer cortes en; [+ film] cortar, hacer cortes en; (=delete) [+ passage] suprimir, cortar; (=interrupt) interrumpir, cortar

she cut two seconds off the record — mejoró or rebajó la plusmarca en dos segundos

we cut the journey time by half — reducimos el tiempo de viaje a la mitad

• to cut sth/sb short — interrumpir algo/a algn
corner 1., 1)
5) (fig) (=hurt) herir

to cut sb to the quick —

it cut me to the quick — me tocó en lo vivo

6) (=intersect with) [road] cruzar, atravesar; (Math) [line] cortar

7) (esp US)
*
• to cut classes — hacer novillos *, ausentarse de clase

• to cut sb dead — negar el saludo or (LAm) cortar a algn

8) (=turn off) [+ engine] parar; (=stop) [+ electricity supply] cortar, interrumpir

cut all this soft-soaping and tell me what you want * — deja ya de darme coba y dime qué quieres *

9) (=adulterate) [+ cocaine etc] cortar

10) (=succeed)

he couldn't cut it as a singer — como cantante no daba la talla

3. VI

1) [person, knife] cortar; [material] cortarse

paper cuts easily — el papel se corta fácilmente

• she cut into the melon — cortó el melón

will that cake cut into six? — ¿se puede dividir el pastel en seis?

- cut loose

- it cuts both ways

2) (Math etc) [lines] cortarse

3) (=hurry)

I must cut along now — tengo que marcharme ya

- cut and run

- cut to the chase

4) (Cine, TV) (=change scene) cortar y pasar

they cut from the palace to the castle scene — cortan y pasan del palacio a la escena del castillo

cut! — ¡corten!

5) (Cards) cortar

4.

ADJ [flowers] cortado; [glass] tallado

cut price — a precio reducido, rebajado, de rebaja

5.

CPD

cut and blow-dry N — corte m y secado con secador

- cut across

- cut along

- cut away

- cut back

- cut down

- cut in

- cut into

- cut off

- cut out

- cut through

- cut up

* * *

I [kʌt]
noun

1)

a) ( wound) tajo m, corte m

b) ( incision) corte m

2)

a) ( reduction)

a wage cut — un recorte salarial

to make cuts in essential services — hacer* recortes en los servicios esenciales

to take a cut in salary — aceptar un sueldo más bajo

b) (in text, film) corte m

c) ( power cut) apagón m

3)

a) ( haircut) corte m de pelo

b) ( of suit) corte m

to be a cut above somebody/something — (colloq)

he thinks himself a cut above the rest — se cree superior a los demás

this hotel is a cut above the Ambassador — este hotel es de mayor categoría que el Ambassador

4) ( of meat - type) corte m; (- piece) trozo m

5) ( share) (colloq) tajada f (fam), parte f

6) ( blow - with knife) cuchillada f

cut and thrust: the cut and thrust of politics — el toma y daca de la vida política

II
1.

(pres p cutting; past & past p cut) transitive verb

1) \<\<wood/paper/wire/rope\>\> cortar

to cut something/somebody loose — soltar* algo/a alguien

cut the top off it — córtale la parte de arriba

they cut a path through the undergrowth — abrieron un camino a través de la maleza

to cut it fine — (colloq) calcular muy justo, dejar poco margen

to cut something in half — cortar algo por la mitad

I cut my finger — me corté el dedo; see also short II 1)

2)

a) ( trim) \<\<hair/nails\>\> cortar; \<\<grass/corn\>\> cortar, segar*

to get one's hair cut — cortarse el pelo

b) ( shape) \<\<glass/stone\>\> tallar; \<\<key\>\> hacer*

3) ( excavate)

to cut something (INTO something): a tunnel cut into the mountain — un túnel excavado en la montaña

4) ( reduce) \<\<level/number\>\> reducir*; \<\<budget\>\> recortar; \<\<price/rate\>\> rebajar, reducir*; \<\<service/workforce\>\> hacer* recortes en

5)

a) ( shorten) \<\<text\>\> acortar

b) ( remove) \<\<scene\>\> cortar

c) \<\<film\>\> ( edit) editar; \<\<censors\>\> hacer* cortes en

6) ( in cards) \<\<deck\>\> cortar

7) (colloq) ( ignore)

to cut somebody dead — dejar a alguien con el saludo en la boca

8) (colloq)

a) ( cease)

cut the sob story! — deja ya de dar pena!

cut the wisecracks! — basta ya de bromas!

b) ( switch off) \<\<engine/lights\>\> apagar*

2.

vi

1)

a) \<\<knife/scissors\>\> cortar

to cut INTO something: the rope cut into her wrists la cuerda le estaba cortando or lastimando las muñecas; to cut loose (colloq) ( break free) romper* las ataduras; ( lose restraint) (esp AmE): he cut loose with a string of insults — soltó una sarta de insultos

b) \<\<words\>\> herir*

her remarks cut deep — sus palabras lo (or la etc) hirieron en lo más vivo

c) ( be cuttable)

it cuts easily — se corta fácilmente

2) (Cin, Rad)

cut! — corte(n)!

3) ( in cards) cortar

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- cut across

- cut back

- cut down

- cut in

- cut off

- cut out

- cut through

- cut up

III

adjective (before n) < flowers> cortado; < glass> tallado

English-spanish dictionary > cut
5 contractionary

прил.

эк. ограничительный

Ant:

tight fiscal policy, tight monetary policy Contractionary Tending to cause aggregate output (GDP) and/or the price level to fall. Term is typically applied to monetary policy (a decrease in the money supply or an increase in interest rates) and to fiscal policy (a decrease in government spending or a tax increase), but may also apply to other macroeconomic shocks. Contrasts expansionary.

See:

tight fiscal policy, tight monetary policy Contractionary Tending to cause aggregate output (GDP) and/or the price level to fall. Term is typically applied to monetary policy (a decrease in the money supply or an increase in interest rates) and to fiscal policy (a decrease in government spending or a tax increase), but may also apply to other macroeconomic shocks. Contrasts expansionary.

Англо-русский экономический словарь > contractionary
6 tomorrow

tə'morəu
noun, adverb

1) ((on) the day after today: Tomorrow is Saturday; The news will be announced tomorrow.) mañana

2) ((in) the future: tomorrow's world.) mañana, futuro

tomorrow n adv mañana

see you tomorrow hasta mañana

tomorrow

tr[tə'mɒrəʊ]

noun

1 mañana

adverb

1 mañana

■ tomorrow morning/afternoon mañana por la mañana/tarde

■ see you tomorrow! ¡hasta mañana!

tomorrow [tə'mɑro] adv

: mañana

tomorrow n

: mañana m

tomorrow

adv.

• mañana adv.

n.

• mañana s.f.

I tə'mɔːrəʊ, tə'mɑːrəʊ, tə'mɒrəʊ
adverb

a) ( on the day after today) mañana

tomorrow morning/afternoon — mañana por la mañana/tarde, mañana en la mañana/tarde (AmL), mañana a la or de mañana/tarde (RPl)

we'll see you a week from tomorrow o (BrE also) tomorrow week o a week tomorrow — te vemos de mañana en ocho días

the day after tomorrow — pasado mañana

we got married a year ago tomorrow — mañana hará un año que nos casamos

b) ( in the future) mañana, el día de mañana

II

noun (no art)

a) ( day after today) mañana adv

tomorrow is Monday/my birthday — mañana es lunes/mi cumpleaños

never put off till tomorrow what you can do today — no dejes para mañana lo que puedas hacer hoy

b) ( future) mañana m

the doctors of tomorrow — los médicos del mañana or del futuro

I wonder what tomorrow will bring — me pregunto qué nos depara el futuro

they were spending money like there was no tomorrow — (colloq) estaban gastando dinero a troche y moche or a diestra y siniestra or (Esp) a diestro y siniestro

[tǝ'mɒrǝʊ]
1. ADV

1) mañana

tomorrow evening — mañana por la tarde

tomorrow morning — mañana por la mañana

a week tomorrow — de mañana en ocho días

2) (=in the future) en el mañana, en el futuro

2. N

1) mañana f

tomorrow is Sunday — mañana es domingo

the day after tomorrow — pasado mañana

will tomorrow do? — (for piece of work) ¿lo puedo dejar para mañana?; (for appointment) ¿te conviene mañana?

tomorrow's paper — el periódico de mañana

- tomorrow is another day

- like there's no tomorrow: he drank like there was no tomorrow

2) (=the future) mañana m, porvenir m

the writers of tomorrow — los escritores del mañana

* * *

I [tə'mɔːrəʊ, tə'mɑːrəʊ, tə'mɒrəʊ]
adverb

a) ( on the day after today) mañana

tomorrow morning/afternoon — mañana por la mañana/tarde, mañana en la mañana/tarde (AmL), mañana a la or de mañana/tarde (RPl)

we'll see you a week from tomorrow o (BrE also) tomorrow week o a week tomorrow — te vemos de mañana en ocho días

the day after tomorrow — pasado mañana

we got married a year ago tomorrow — mañana hará un año que nos casamos

b) ( in the future) mañana, el día de mañana

II

noun (no art)

a) ( day after today) mañana adv

tomorrow is Monday/my birthday — mañana es lunes/mi cumpleaños

never put off till tomorrow what you can do today — no dejes para mañana lo que puedas hacer hoy

b) ( future) mañana m

the doctors of tomorrow — los médicos del mañana or del futuro

I wonder what tomorrow will bring — me pregunto qué nos depara el futuro

they were spending money like there was no tomorrow — (colloq) estaban gastando dinero a troche y moche or a diestra y siniestra or (Esp) a diestro y siniestro

English-spanish dictionary > tomorrow
7 pocket

['pokit] 1. noun
1) (a small bag sewn into or on to clothes, for carrying things in: He stood with his hands in his pockets; a coat-pocket; ( also adjective) a pocket-handkerchief, a pocket-knife.) lomme; -lomme; lomme-

2) (a small bag attached to the corners and sides of a billiard-table etc to catch the balls.) lomme; net

3) (a small isolated area or group: a pocket of warm air.) lomme

4) ((a person's) income or amount of money available for spending: a range of prices to suit every pocket.) indkomst; pengepung
2. verb
1) (to put in a pocket: He pocketed his wallet; He pocketed the red ball.) stikke i lommen

2) (to steal: Be careful he doesn't pocket the silver.) putte i lommen

•

- pocketful
- pocket-book
- pocket-money
- pocket-sized
- pocket-size
* * *
['pokit] 1. noun
1) (a small bag sewn into or on to clothes, for carrying things in: He stood with his hands in his pockets; a coat-pocket; ( also adjective) a pocket-handkerchief, a pocket-knife.) lomme; -lomme; lomme-

2) (a small bag attached to the corners and sides of a billiard-table etc to catch the balls.) lomme; net

3) (a small isolated area or group: a pocket of warm air.) lomme

4) ((a person's) income or amount of money available for spending: a range of prices to suit every pocket.) indkomst; pengepung
2. verb
1) (to put in a pocket: He pocketed his wallet; He pocketed the red ball.) stikke i lommen

2) (to steal: Be careful he doesn't pocket the silver.) putte i lommen

•

- pocketful
- pocket-book
- pocket-money
- pocket-sized
- pocket-size

English-Danish dictionary > pocket
8 increase

1. intransitive verb
zunehmen; [Schmerzen:] stärker werden; [Lärm:] größer werden; [Verkäufe, Preise, Nachfrage:] steigen

increase in weight/size/price — schwerer/größer/teurer werden

increase in maturity/value/popularity — an Reife/Wert/Popularität (Dat.) gewinnen
2. transitive verb
1) (make greater) erhöhen; vermehren [Besitz]

2) (intensify) verstärken

increase one's efforts/commitment — sich mehr anstrengen/engagieren
3. noun
1) (becoming greater) Zunahme, die (in Gen.); (in measurable amount) Anstieg, der (in Gen.); (deliberately caused) Steigerung, die (in Gen.)

increase in weight/size — Gewichtszunahme, die/Vergrößerung, die

increase in popularity — Popularitätsgewinn, der

be on the increase — [ständig] zunehmen

2) (by reproduction) Zunahme, die; Zuwachs, der

3) (amount) Erhöhung, die; (of growth) Zuwachs, der

* * *
1. [in'kri:s] verb
(to (cause to) grow in size, number etc: The number of children in this school has increased greatly in recent years.) zunehmen
2. ['inkri:s] noun
((the amount, number etc added by) growth: There has been some increase in business; The increase in the population over the last ten years was 40,000.) die Zunahme

- academic.ru/37503/increasingly">increasingly
- on the increase
* * *

in·crease

I. vi

[ɪnˈkri:s]

prices, taxes, interest rates [an]steigen; pain, troubles, worries stärker werden, zunehmen; in size wachsen

to \increase dramatically [or drastically] dramatisch [o drastisch] [an]steigen; population, wealth anwachsen

to \increase tenfold/threefold sich akk verzehnfachen/verdreifachen

II. vt

[ɪnˈkri:s]

▪ to \increase sth (make more) etw erhöhen; (make stronger) etw verstärken; (make larger) etw vergrößern

gently \increase the heat die Hitze langsam erhöhen; reserves, finances aufstocken

III. n

[ˈɪnkri:s]

Anstieg m, Zunahme f, Zuwachs m; (growth) Wachstum nt

the \increase in the number of unemployed der Anstieg der Arbeitslosenzahlen

an \increase in production eine Steigerung der Produktion

\increase in capacity Kapazitätserweiterung f

\increase in efficiency Effizienzsteigerung f

\increase in pollution zunehmende Umweltverschmutzung

\increase in value Wertsteigerung f

\increase in violence zunehmende Gewalt

price \increase Preisanstieg m, Teuerung f SCHWEIZ

tax \increase Steuererhöhung f

to be on the \increase ansteigen; in numbers [mehr und] [o [immer]] mehr werden; in size [immer] größer werden; in reserves, finances Aufstockung f

* * *
[ɪn'kriːs]
1. vi
zunehmen; (taxes) erhöht werden; (pain also) stärker werden; (amount, number, noise, population also) anwachsen; (possessions, trade, riches also) sich vermehren, (an)wachsen; (pride also, strength) wachsen; (price, sales, demand) steigen; (supply, joy, rage) sich vergrößern, größer werden; (business, institution, town) sich vergrößern, wachsen; (rain, wind) stärker werden
to increase in volume/weight — umfangreicher/schwerer werden, an Umfang/Gewicht zunehmen

to increase in breadth/size/number — sich verbreitern/vergrößern/vermehren, breiter/größer/mehr werden

to increase in height — höher werden

industrial output increased by 2% last year — die Industrieproduktion wuchs im letzten Jahr um 2%

2. vt
vergrößern; rage, sorrow, joy, possessions, riches also vermehren; darkness, noise, love, resentment also, effort verstärken; trade, sales erweitern; numbers, taxes, price, speed, demand, tension erhöhen; chances verbessern
he increased his efforts —

then to increase our difficulties — was die Dinge noch schwieriger machte, was unsere Schwierigkeiten noch vergrößerte

increased demand — erhöhte or verstärkte Nachfrage

increased efficiency — Leistungssteigerung f

his hours were increased to 25 per week — seine Stundenzahl wurde auf 25 Wochenstunden erhöht

we increased output to... — wir erhöhten den Ausstoß auf...

they increased her salary by £2,000 to £20,000 a year — sie erhöhten ihr Jahresgehalt um £ 2.000 auf £ 20.000

3. n
['ɪnkriːs] Zunahme f, Erhöhung f, Steigerung f; (in size) Vergrößerung f, Erweiterung f; (in number) Vermehrung f, Zuwachs m, Zunahme f; (in speed, spending) Erhöhung f ( in +gen), Steigerung f ( in +gen); (of business) Erweiterung f, Vergrößerung f; (in sales) Zuwachs m; (in expenses) Vermehrung f ( in +gen), Steigerung f ( in +gen); (of effort etc) Vermehrung f, Steigerung f, Verstärkung f; (of demand) Verstärkung f, Steigen nt; (of work) Mehr nt (of an +dat), Zunahme f; (of violence) Zunahme f, Anwachsen nt; (of salary) Gehaltserhöhung f or -aufbesserung f; (of noise) Zunahme f, Verstärkung f
an increase in the population of 10% per year — eine jährliche Bevölkerungszunahme or ein jährlicher Bevölkerungszuwachs von 10%

to get an increase of £5 per week — £ 5 pro Woche mehr bekommen, eine Lohnerhöhung von £ 5 pro Woche bekommen

to be on the increase — ständig zunehmen

increase in value — Wertzuwachs m, Wertsteigerung f

rent increase — Mieterhöhung f

* * *

increase [ınˈkriːs]

A v/i

1. zunehmen, größer werden, (an)wachsen, (an)steigen, sich vergrößern oder vermehren oder erhöhen oder steigern oder verstärken:

prices have increased die Preise sind gestiegen oder haben angezogen;

his popularity has increased (by) 2 percent (Br per cent) seine Beliebtheit ist um 2 Prozent gestiegen;

increase in size (value) an Größe (Wert) zunehmen, größer (wertvoller) werden;

increase in price im Preis steigen, teurer werden;

increased demand

a) Mehrbedarf m,

b) WIRTSCH verstärkte Nachfrage;

increased production WIRTSCH Produktionssteigerung f

2. sich (durch Fortpflanzung) vermehren

B v/t vergrößern, -stärken, -mehren, erhöhen, steigern, SPORT seine Führung etc ausbauen, WIRTSCH das Kapital aufstocken:

increase tenfold verzehnfachen;

increase sb’s salary jemandes Gehalt erhöhen oder aufbessern;

increase a sentence eine Strafe erhöhen oder verschärfen;

increase the speed die Geschwindigkeit steigern oder erhöhen oder heraufsetzen;

increase one’s lead seinen Vorsprung ausdehnen oder ausbauen (to auf akk)

C s [ˈınkriːs]

1. Vergrößerung f, -mehrung f, -stärkung f, Zunahme f, (An)Wachsen n, Zuwachs m, Wachstum n, Steigen n, Steigerung f, Erhöhung f:

be on the increase zunehmen;

increase in the bank rate WIRTSCH Heraufsetzung f oder Erhöhung des Diskontsatzes;

increase in population Bevölkerungszunahme, -zuwachs;

increase in purchasing power Kaufkraftzuwachs;

increase in sales WIRTSCH Absatzsteigerung;

increase in trade WIRTSCH Aufschwung m des Handels;

increase in value Wertsteigerung, -zuwachs;

increase of capital WIRTSCH Kapitalerhöhung;

increase of a function MATH Zunahme einer Funktion;

increase of ( oder in) salary Gehaltserhöhung, -aufbesserung f, -zulage f;

increase twist TECH Progressivdrall m

2. Vermehrung f (durch Fortpflanzung)

3. Zuwachs m (eines Betrages), Mehrbetrag m

incr. abk

1. increase

2. increased

3. increasing

* * *
1. intransitive verb
zunehmen; [Schmerzen:] stärker werden; [Lärm:] größer werden; [Verkäufe, Preise, Nachfrage:] steigen

increase in weight/size/price — schwerer/größer/teurer werden

increase in maturity/value/popularity — an Reife/Wert/Popularität (Dat.) gewinnen
2. transitive verb
1) (make greater) erhöhen; vermehren [Besitz]

2) (intensify) verstärken

increase one's efforts/commitment — sich mehr anstrengen/engagieren
3. noun
1) (becoming greater) Zunahme, die (in Gen.); (in measurable amount) Anstieg, der (in Gen.); (deliberately caused) Steigerung, die (in Gen.)

increase in weight/size — Gewichtszunahme, die/Vergrößerung, die

increase in popularity — Popularitätsgewinn, der

be on the increase — [ständig] zunehmen

2) (by reproduction) Zunahme, die; Zuwachs, der

3) (amount) Erhöhung, die; (of growth) Zuwachs, der

* * *

n.

Anstieg -e m.

Erhöhung -en f.

Vermehrung f.

Wachstum -¨er n.

Zunahme -n f.

Zuwachs m. (in) v.

steigern v.

vergrößern v.

vermehren v.

zunehmen (an) v. v.

anwachsen v.

erhöhen v.

vergrößern v.

vermehren v.

wachsen v.

(§ p.,pp.: wuchs, ist gewachsen)

zunehmen v.

English-german dictionary > increase
9 runaway

noun (a person, animal etc that runs away: The police caught the two runaways; (also adjective) a runaway horse.) fugitivo

runaway

tr['rʌnəweɪ]

adjective

1 (prisoner) fugitivo,-a; (horse) desbocado,-a

2 (out of control) incontrolado,-a; (inflation) galopante

3 (tremendous) aplastante; (success) clamoroso,-a

noun

1 (adult) fugitivo,-a; (youngster) joven fugado,-a

runaway ['rʌnə.weɪ] adj

1) fugitive: fugitivo

2) uncontrollable: incontrolable, fuera de control

runaway inflation: inflación desenfrenada

a runaway success: un éxito aplastante

runaway n

: fugitivo m, -va f

runaway

adj.

• clandestino, -a adj.

• desbocado, -a adj.

• fugitivo, -a adj.

I 'rʌnəweɪ
noun fugitivo, -va m,f

II

adjective (before n)

a) <slave/prisoner> fugitivo

b) < trainuck> fuera de control; < horse> desbocado

c) < inflation> galopante, desenfrenado; < spending> desmedido; < success> clamoroso, arrollador

['rʌnǝweɪ]
1.

ADJ [prisoner, slave] fugitivo; [soldier] desertor; [horse] desbocado; [lorry] sin frenos, fuera de control; [inflation] galopante, desenfrenado; [success] arrollador; [victory] aplastante, abrumador; [marriage] clandestino, fugitivo

2.

N (=person) fugitivo(-a) m / f ; (=horse) caballo m desbocado

* * *

I ['rʌnəweɪ]
noun fugitivo, -va m,f

II

adjective (before n)

a) <slave/prisoner> fugitivo

b) <train/truck> fuera de control; < horse> desbocado

c) < inflation> galopante, desenfrenado; < spending> desmedido; < success> clamoroso, arrollador

English-spanish dictionary > runaway
10 trim

trim
1. past tense, past participle - trimmed; verb
1) (to cut the edges or ends of (something) in order to make it shorter and/or neat: He's trimming the hedge; She had her hair trimmed.) cortar, recortar; arreglar; (jardinería) podar

2) (to decorate (a dress, hat etc, usually round the edges): She trimmed the sleeves with lace.) adornar, guarnecer

3) (to arrange (the sails of a boat etc) suitably for the weather conditions.) orientar

2. noun
(a haircut: She went to the hairdresser's for a trim.) corte

3. adjective
(neat and tidy: a trim appearance.) arreglado, aseado, cuidado

- trimly
- trimness
- trimming
- in good trim
- in trim

trim vb recortar

the hairdresser trimmed my hair el peluquero me recortó el pelo

El pasado y participio pasado de trim se escribe trimmed; el gerundio se escribe trimming

trim

tr[trɪm]

adjective (comp trimmer, superl trimmest)

1 (neat, tidy) (bien) arreglado,-a, ordenado,-a, cuidado,-a

2 (person, figure) esbelto,-a, delgado,-a

■ she has a trim figure tiene buen tipo

noun

1 (cut) recorte nombre masculino

■ I'd like a trim, please ¿me puede cortar las puntas?

2 (decoration - on clothes) adornos nombre masculino plural; (- along edges) ribete nombre masculino; (upholstery) tapicería

■ a black dress with a red trim un vestido negro con un ribete rojo

3 SMALLMARITIME/SMALL asiento, estiba

transitive verb (pt & pp trimmed, ger trimming)

1 (make neat) arreglar; (cut - hair) cortar, recortar; (- hedge etc) podar

■ your hair needs trimming tienes que cortarte el pelo

2 (reduce by cutting back) recortar, reducir

3 (decorate) adornar ( with, con); (upholster) tapizar

4 SMALLMARITIME/SMALL (sails) orientar; (ship) equilibrar, asentar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be in trim / in good trim estar en forma, estar en buena forma

trim ['trɪm] vt, trimmed ; trimming

1) decorate: adornar, decorar

2) cut: recortar

3) reduce: recortar, reducir

to trim the excess: recortar el exceso

trim adj, trimmer ; trimmest

1) slim: esbelto

2) neat: limpio y arreglado, bien cuidado

trim n

1) condition: condición f, estado m

to keep in trim: mantenerse en buena forma

2) cut: recorte m

3) trimming: adornos mpl

trim

v.

• afinar v.

• afrailar v.

• atusar (Pelo) v.

• bordear v.

• chapodar v.

• cortar v.

• desbarbar v.

• escamondar v.

• mondar v.

• podar v.

• recortar v.

• ribetear v.

adj.

• acicalado, -a adj.

• aseado, -a adj.

• en buen estado adj.

• pulcro, -a adj.

n.

• adorno s.m.

• chambrana s.f.

• estado s.m.

• orientación s.f.

• recorte s.m.

I trɪm
adjective - mm-

a) ( slim) <figure/person> esbelto, estilizado

b) ( neat) <uniform/suit> elegante, de buen corte

II

noun

1) u ( good condition)

to be in (good) trim — estar* en buen estado or en buenas condiciones

swimming keeps me in trim — la natación me mantiene en forma or en buen estado físico

2) c ( cut) recorte m

just a trim, please — córteme sólo las puntas, por favor

to give the hedge a trim — recortar el seto

3) u ( on clothes) adornos mpl; ( along edges) ribete m

4) ( on bodywork of car) banda f lateral; ( inside car) tapicería f

III

transitive verb - mm-

1)

a) ( cut) \<\<hair/beard/edges\>\> recortar; \<\<bush/branches\>\> recortar, podar

trim the fat off the meat — quítele la grasa a la carne

b) ( reduce) \<\<staff\>\> reducir*, recortar; \<\<budget/spending\>\> recortar

2)

a) ( decorate) \<\<dress/hat\>\> adornar

trimmed with velvet — con adornos de terciopelo; ( round edge) con ribetes de terciopelo, ribeteado de terciopelo

b) ( upholster) ( Auto) tapizar*

3) ( Naut) \<\<sail\>\> orientar

4) ( defeat decisively) (AmE colloq) darle* una paliza a (fam)

[trɪm]
1. ADJ
(compar trimmer) (superl trimmest)
1) (=neat) [garden] bien cuidado, arreglado; [person] arreglado; [clothes] de corte elegante; [moustache, beard] bien cuidado

a trim little house — una casita bien cuidada

2) (=slim) [person, figure] esbelto; [waist] delgado

to stay trim — conservar una figura esbelta

2. N

1) (=cut)

to get or have a trim — cortarse un poco el pelo; (on long hair) cortarse solo las puntas

to give one's beard a trim — recortarse la barba

to give the lawn/hedge a trim — recortar el césped/el seto

2) (=good physical condition)

to be in (good) trim — [person] estar en buena forma or en buen estado físico; [car, house] estar en buen estado or en buenas condiciones

to get in or into trim — ponerse en forma

to keep (o.s.) in (good) trim — mantenerse en buena forma or en buen estado físico

to keep sth in (good) trim — mantener algo en buen estado or en buenas condiciones

3) (=decoration)

a) (Sew) adorno m ; (on edge) ribete m, reborde m

a coat with a fur trim — un abrigo con ribetes or rebordes de piel

b) (Aut) (on outside of car) embellecedor m (Sp)

leather trim — tapizado m de cuero

wheel trim — tapacubos m inv, embellecedor m de la rueda (Sp)

3. VT

1) (=clip) [+ hair, beard, moustache] recortar; [+ hedge] cortar, podar; [+ lamp, wick] despabilar

to trim back — [+ plant, shoot] podar

trim excess fat from or off the chops — quitar el exceso de grasa de las chuletas

2) (=reduce) [+ costs, prices] recortar, reducir; [+ profits] recortar; [+ programme, policy] hacer recortes en; (also: trim back) [+ workforce] recortar, reducir

3) (=slim) [+ hips, thighs] adelgazar

4) (=decorate) [+ dress, hat] adornar; [+ Christmas tree] decorar

a dress trimmed with feathers/lace — un vestido adornado con plumas/con adornos de encaje

5) (Naut) [+ sails] orientar; [+ boat] equilibrar

- trim one's sails

6) (Aer) equilibrar

7) (Orn) orientar

- trim away

- trim down

- trim off

* * *

I [trɪm]
adjective - mm-

a) ( slim) <figure/person> esbelto, estilizado

b) ( neat) <uniform/suit> elegante, de buen corte

II

noun

1) u ( good condition)

to be in (good) trim — estar* en buen estado or en buenas condiciones

swimming keeps me in trim — la natación me mantiene en forma or en buen estado físico

2) c ( cut) recorte m

just a trim, please — córteme sólo las puntas, por favor

to give the hedge a trim — recortar el seto

3) u ( on clothes) adornos mpl; ( along edges) ribete m

4) ( on bodywork of car) banda f lateral; ( inside car) tapicería f

III

transitive verb - mm-

1)

a) ( cut) \<\<hair/beard/edges\>\> recortar; \<\<bush/branches\>\> recortar, podar

trim the fat off the meat — quítele la grasa a la carne

b) ( reduce) \<\<staff\>\> reducir*, recortar; \<\<budget/spending\>\> recortar

2)

a) ( decorate) \<\<dress/hat\>\> adornar

trimmed with velvet — con adornos de terciopelo; ( round edge) con ribetes de terciopelo, ribeteado de terciopelo

b) ( upholster) ( Auto) tapizar*

3) ( Naut) \<\<sail\>\> orientar

4) ( defeat decisively) (AmE colloq) darle* una paliza a (fam)

English-spanish dictionary > trim
11 adquisitivo

adquisitivo

◊ -va adjetivo
purchasing
adquisitivo,-a adjetivo poder adquisitivo, purchasing power ' adquisitivo' also found in these entries: Spanish: adquisitiva - poder - valor English: purchasing power - spending power - spending

English-spanish dictionary > adquisitivo
12 slash

I [slæʃ]
nome

1) (wound) taglio f.; (on face) sfregio m.

2) (cut) (in fabric, seat, tyre) squarcio m.; (in painting) sfregio m.

3) tip. barra f.

4) comm. econ.

a 10% slash in prices — un taglio del 10% ai prezzi

5) abbigl. spacco m.
II 1. [slæʃ]
verbo transitivo

1) (wound) sfregiare [cheek, person]; tagliare [ throat]

to slash one's wrists — tagliarsi le vene

2) (cut) sfregiare [ painting]; squarciare [fabric, tyres]; tranciare [ cord]

to slash one's way through — aprirsi un varco attraverso [ undergrowth]

3) (reduce) diminuire, ridurre [ price]; tagliare [ spending]; ridurre [amount, size]

to slash 40% off the price — abbattere o ridurre il prezzo del 40%

4) abbigl. fare uno spacco in [ skirt]
2.
verbo intransitivo

to slash at — tagliare [ grass]; dare un gran colpo a [ ball]

to slash through — tranciare [ cord]; squarciare [ fabric]

* * *
[slæʃ] 1. verb
1) (to make long cuts in (cloth etc): He slashed his victim's face with a razor.) sfregiare; squarciare

2) ((with at) to strike out violently at (something): He slashed at the bush angrily with a stick.) colpire

3) (to reduce greatly: A notice in the shop window read `Prices slashed!') ridurre
2. noun
1) (a long cut or slit.) sfregio; squarcio

2) (a sweeping blow.) colpo

* * *
[slæʃ]
1. n

1) (slit) taglio, (in dress, skirt) spacco, (stroke: of sword, whip) colpo

2) Typ, (also: slash mark) barra

2. vt

(with knife: gen) tagliare, squarciare, (face, painting) sfregiare, (with whip, stick) sferzare, (fig: prices) ridurre fortemente

to slash one's wrists — tagliarsi le vene

I found my tyres slashed — ho trovato le gomme tagliate

they're slashing prices — stanno riducendo drasticamente i prezzi

* * *
slash /slæʃ/
n.

1 colpo ( di spada, coltello, ecc.); fendente

2 frustata; sferzata; scudisciata; staffilata

3 gran taglio; squarcio; sfregio

4 ( in un abito) spacco; apertura; taglio ornamentale

5 (fig.) taglio; abbattimento ( di prezzi); riduzione drastica

6 ( anche comput.) slash; (tipogr., mat.) (= slash mark) barra ( segno di frazione): 5/4 can be read as five slash 4, 5/4 si legge cinque barra quattro

7 ( USA) radura ( coperta di resti d'alberi recisi o bruciati)

8 ( USA) gocce, gocciolo, sorso ( di liquore)

9 ( hockey, lacrosse) colpo col bastone ( fallo)

10 ( slang) goccio d'acqua (pop.); pipì; pisciatina ( di un uomo): to have a slash, fare un goccio d'acqua

11 (volg.) fessura; fessa (merid., volg.)

● ( sartoria) slash pocket, tasca tagliata ( non a toppa).
(to) slash /slæʃ/
A v. t.

1 tagliare; squarciare; sfregiare; fare un gran taglio (o uno squarcio) a (o in): to slash the undergrowth, tagliare gli arbusti del sottobosco; I fell on the broken glass and slashed my arm, caddi sul vetro rotto e mi feci un gran taglio al braccio; to slash sb. 's throat, tagliare la gola a q.

2 frustare; fustigare; sferzare

3 far schioccare ( la frusta)

4 (fig.) tagliare; apportare tagli a; abbattere; ridurre drasticamente: Our budget has been slashed, il nostro budget ha subito tagli considerevoli; to slash expenses, tagliare le spese; to slash prices, abbattere i prezzi

5 (fig.) criticare aspramente; stroncare

B v. i. ( di solito to slash at)

1 menare colpi ( col coltello, la spada, ecc.)

2 dare frustate

3 (mil.) fare un rapido attacco ( a linee di comunicazione, ecc.)

4 (fig.) criticare violentemente; attaccare a fondo

5 abbattersi con violenza; ( del vento, delle onde, ecc.) infuriare, imperversare

6 (volg.: di un uomo) fare pipì; pisciare

● to slash about, menar colpi all'impazzata, a casaccio □ to slash across, battere di traverso □ to slash against, battere con forza contro: The rain slashed against the windows, una pioggia scrosciante batteva contro le finestre □ to slash one's wrists, tagliarsi le vene (dei polsi) □ «Prices slashed» ( cartello), «prezzi imbattibili», «prezzi all'osso».

* * *
I [slæʃ]
nome

1) (wound) taglio f.; (on face) sfregio m.

2) (cut) (in fabric, seat, tyre) squarcio m.; (in painting) sfregio m.

3) tip. barra f.

4) comm. econ.

a 10% slash in prices — un taglio del 10% ai prezzi

5) abbigl. spacco m.
II 1. [slæʃ]
verbo transitivo

1) (wound) sfregiare [cheek, person]; tagliare [ throat]

to slash one's wrists — tagliarsi le vene

2) (cut) sfregiare [ painting]; squarciare [fabric, tyres]; tranciare [ cord]

to slash one's way through — aprirsi un varco attraverso [ undergrowth]

3) (reduce) diminuire, ridurre [ price]; tagliare [ spending]; ridurre [amount, size]

to slash 40% off the price — abbattere o ridurre il prezzo del 40%

4) abbigl. fare uno spacco in [ skirt]
2.
verbo intransitivo

to slash at — tagliare [ grass]; dare un gran colpo a [ ball]

to slash through — tranciare [ cord]; squarciare [ fabric]

English-Italian dictionary > slash
13 cut

cut [kʌt]

(verb: preterite, past participle cut)

1. noun

   a. ( = slash, slit) coupure f ; ( = notch) entaille f

• a deep cut in the leg une profonde coupure à la jambe

• he had a cut on his chin from shaving il s'était coupé au menton en se rasant

• minor cuts and bruises des petites blessures

• the cut and thrust of politics le monde sans pitié de la politique

• the unkindest cut of all le coup le plus perfide

• he is a cut above (the others) (inf) il est meilleur que les autres

   b. ( = reduction) réduction f (in de)

• cuts (in spending) réductions fpl des dépenses

• a 1% cut in interest rates une réduction de 1 % des taux d'intérêt

• drastic cuts coupes fpl claires

• power cut coupure f de courant

• to make cuts in a text élaguer un texte

• the cuts in defence or the defence budget la réduction du budget de la défense

• to take a cut in salary subir une réduction de salaire

   c. [of meat] morceau m

   d. ( = share) (inf) part f

• they got a bigger cut than we did ils ont eu une part plus grande que la nôtre

   e. [of clothes] coupe f

   f. ( = haircut) cut (and blow-dry) coupe f (et brushing)

   g. (Computing) cut and paste couper-coller m

   h. (in films) ( = edit) coupure f ; ( = transition) passage m ( from de) (to à)

2. adjective

[flowers, grass] coupé

• he had a cut finger il avait une coupure au doigt

• he's got a cut lip il s'est coupé la lèvre

• well-cut coat manteau m bien coupé

• everything seemed cut and dried tout semblait parfaitement simple

3. transitive verb

   a. couper ; [+ meat] découper ; ( = notch) entailler

• to cut in half couper en deux

• she cut the cake in six elle a coupé le gâteau en six

• to cut in(to) pieces couper en morceaux

• to cut one's nails se couper les ongles

• to have or get one's hair cut se faire couper les cheveux

• to cut one's finger se couper le doigt

• to cut o.s. (shaving) se couper (en se rasant)

• to cut sb's throat égorger qn

• he is cutting his own throat il prépare sa propre ruine

• to cut sth open (with knife) ouvrir qch avec un couteau

• he cut his head open il s'est ouvert le crâne

• to cut a visit short écourter une visite

• to cut sb short couper la parole à qn

• to cut a long story short, he came bref, il est venu

• to cut sb free délivrer qn en coupant ses liens

• he couldn't cut it as a singer il n'a pas réussi à percer en tant que chanteur

   b. ( = shape) tailler ; [+ channel] creuser ; [+ figure, statue] sculpter ( out of dans ) ; [+ CD, record] graver ; [+ diamond] tailler ; [+ key] faire ; [+ dress] couper

• to cut a hole in sth faire un trou dans qch

   c. ( = mow, clip) [+ lawn, grass] tondre ; [+ hedge] tailler ; [+ corn, hay] couper

   d. ( = not to go) [+ class, school] sécher (inf) ; [+ appointment] manquer exprès

   e. ( = remove) [+ scene, passage] couper

   f. ( = reduce) réduire

• we've cut spending by 35% nous avons réduit les dépenses de 35 %

• we cut the journey time by half nous avons réduit de moitié la durée du trajet

   g. ( = stop) couper

• to cut electricity supplies couper l'électricité

   h. [+ cards] couper

   i. [+ film] monter

   j. to cut and paste [+ document] couper-coller

4. intransitive verb

   a. [person, knife] couper

• he cut into the cake il a coupé le gâteau

• cut along the dotted line découper suivant le pointillé

• the boat cut through the waves le bateau fendait l'eau

• that argument cuts both ways c'est un argument à double tranchant

• to cut and run (inf) se carapater (inf)

   b. [material] se couper

• paper cuts easily le papier se coupe facilement

   c. ( = take short route) to cut across country couper à travers champs

• if you cut through the park you'll save time si vous coupez par le parc vous gagnerez du temps

   d. (in film) they cut from the street to the shop scene ils passent de la rue à la scène du magasin

• cut! coupez !

   e. (Cards) couper

5. compounds

► cut glass noun cristal m taillé adjective

de or en cristal taillé

► cut-price, cut-rate (British) adjective à prix réduit

► cut-throat adjective

• cut-throat competition concurrence f impitoyable ► cut up (inf) adjective

(British = upset) contrarié ; (US = funny) rigolo (inf) (- ote (inf) f)

► cut across inseparable transitive verb

[problem, issue] toucher

► cut back separable transitive verb

[+ plants, shrubs] élaguer ; also cut back on [+ production, expenditure] réduire

► cut down separable transitive verb

   a. [+ tree] couper

   b. [+ expenses, pollution, article, essay] réduire

• to cut sb down to size (inf) remettre qn à sa place► cut down on inseparable transitive verb

[+ food] manger moins de ; [+ alcohol] boire moins de ; [+ cigarettes] fumer moins de ; [+ travel] réduire

► cut in intransitive verb

(into conversation) intervenir

► cut off separable transitive verb

   a. couper ( from dans)

• to cut off sb's head décapiter qn

• to cut off one's nose to spite one's face scier la branche sur laquelle on est assis (par dépit)

   b. ( = disconnect) couper

• our water supply has been cut off on nous a coupé l'eau

• we were cut off (on phone) nous avons été coupés

• to cut sb off in the middle of a sentence interrompre qn au milieu d'une phrase

   c. ( = isolate) isoler ( sb from sth qn de qch)

• to cut o.s. off from se couper de

• he feels very cut off in the country il se sent très isolé à la campagne

• the town has been cut off by floods la ville a été isolée par des inondations

► cut out

1. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ picture, article] découper (of, from dans ) ; [+ coat, dress] tailler (of, from dans)

• to be cut out for sth avoir des dispositions pour qch

• he's not cut out to be a doctor il n'est pas fait pour être médecin

• we've got our work cut out! on va avoir du travail !

• you'll have your work cut out to persuade him to come vous aurez du mal à le persuader de venir

   b. [+ rival] supplanter

   c. ( = remove) enlever ; [+ intermediary, middleman] supprimer ; [+ light] empêcher de passer

• to cut sb out of one's will déshériter qn

• cut it out! (inf) ça suffit ! (inf)

   d. ( = give up) to cut out smoking/drinking arrêter de fumer/boire

2. intransitive verb

[engine] caler

► cut up

1. intransitive verb

(British) to cut up rough (inf) se mettre en rogne (inf)

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ wood, food] couper ; [+ meat] découper

   b. [driver] (inf) he cut me up il m'a fait une queue de poisson

   c. (inf) to be cut up about sth ( = unhappy) être affecté par qch

• he was very cut up by the death of his son la mort de son fils l'a beaucoup affecté

* * *
[kʌt] 1.
noun

1) ( incision) gen entaille f; ( in surgery) incision f

2) ( wound) coupure f

3) ( hairstyle) coupe f

a cut and blow-dry — une coupe-brushing

4) (colloq) ( share) part f

5) ( reduction) réduction f (in de)

a price cut — une baisse des prix

a cut in the unemployment rate — une baisse du taux de chômage

job cuts — suppression f d'emplois

to take a cut in salary — accepter une baisse de salaire

6) ( trim)

to give [something] a cut — couper [hair, grass]

7) Culinary morceau m

8) ( of diamond) taille f

9) (of suit, jacket) coupe f

10) Cinema ( removal of footage) coupure f; ( shot) plan m de raccord ( from de; to à)

11) ( in editing) coupure f

12) Music ( track) morceau m
2.
transitive verb (p prés - tt-; prét, pp cut)

1) (with knife, scissors etc) couper [bread, fabric, wood]; faire [hole, slit]

to cut something out of — couper quelque chose dans [fabric]; découper quelque chose dans [magazine]

to cut something in half — couper quelque chose en deux

2) ( sever) couper [rope, corn, flower]; ouvrir [vein]; fig rompre [ties]

3) ( carve out) faire [notch]; creuser [channel, tunnel]; graver [initials] (in dans)

to cut something open — ouvrir quelque chose

4) ( draw blood) couper; fig [remark] blesser

to cut one's finger — se couper le doigt

5) ( trim) couper [grass, hair]; tailler [hedge]

to cut one's fringe — se couper la frange

to have one's hair cut — se faire couper les cheveux

6) (shape, fashion) tailler [gem, suit, marble]; [locksmith] faire [key]

7) ( liberate)

to cut somebody from something — dégager quelqu'un de [wreckage]

to cut somebody free ou loose — libérer quelqu'un ( from de)

8) ( edit) couper [article, film]; supprimer [scene]

9) ( reduce) réduire

10) ( grow)

to cut a tooth — percer une dent

to cut one's teeth — faire ses dents

11) ( record) faire, graver [album]

12) Computing couper [paragraph]

cut and paste — couper-coller

13) Games couper [cards]

14) ( intersect) [line] couper

15) (colloq) ( stop)

cut the cackle — arrêtez de jacasser

cut the flattery/sarcasm! — assez de flatteries/sarcasme!

16) (colloq) ( fail to attend) sécher (colloq) [class, lesson]; ne pas aller à [meeting]

17) ( snub) ignorer, snober

to cut somebody dead — ignorer complètement quelqu'un
3.
intransitive verb (p prés - tt-; prét, pp cut)

1) (slice, make an incision) couper

to cut into — entamer [cake, pie]; couper [fabric, paper]; inciser [flesh]

2) (move, go) couper

to cut down a side street — couper par une petite rue

to cut in front of somebody — ( in a queue) passer devant quelqu'un; ( in a car) faire une queue de poisson à quelqu'un

3) Cinema

to cut from A to B — passer sans transition de A à B

4) Games couper

5) fig

to cut into — ( impinge on) empiéter sur [leisure time]
4.
reflexive verb (p prés - tt-; prét, pp cut)

to cut oneself — se couper
5.
cut past participle adjective

1) (sliced, sawn) coupé

2) ( shaped) [gem, stone] taillé

a well-cut jacket — une veste bien coupée

3) ( bleeding) [lip] coupé

to have a cut finger — avoir une coupure au doigt

4) [hay] fauché; [grass, flowers] coupé

5) ( edited) avec coupures (after n)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- cut across

- cut back

- cut down

- cut in

- cut off

- cut out

- cut short

- cut through

- cut up

••

a cut above — supérieur

to cut and run — fig fuir, partir en courant

to cut both ways — être à double tranchant

to have one's work cut out — avoir du travail en perspective

English-French dictionary > cut
14 cut

[kʌt] 1. pt, pp cut, vt
bread, meat kroić (pokroić perf); hand, knee rozcinać (rozciąć perf); grass przycinać (przyciąć perf); hair obcinać (obciąć perf); scene ( from book) usuwać (usunąć perf); (from film, broadcast) wycinać (wyciąć perf); prices obniżać (obniżyć perf); spending, supply ograniczać (ograniczyć perf); garment kroić (skroić perf); line, path przecinać (przeciąć perf); ( inf) ( cancel) odwoływać (odwołać perf)

the baby is cutting a tooth — dziecku wyrzyna się ząb

to cut one's finger — skaleczyć się ( perf) w palec

to get one's hair cut — obcinać (obciąć perf) sobie włosy

to cut sth short — skracać (skrócić perf) coś

to cut sb dead — udawać (udać perf), że się kogoś nie widzi

Phrasal Verbs:

- cut back

- cut down

- cut down on

- cut in

- cut off

- cut out

- cut up
2. vi
ciąć
3. n
( in skin) skaleczenie nt; (in salary, spending) cięcie nt; ( of meat) płat m; ( of garment) krój m

cold cuts (US) — różne rodzaje wędlin i zimnych mięs pokrojone w plasterki

power cut — przerwa w dopływie energii
4. adj
jewel (o)szlifowany

* * *
1. present participle - cutting; verb
1) (to make an opening in, usually with something with a sharp edge: He cut the paper with a pair of scissors.) ciąć

2) (to separate or divide by cutting: She cut a slice of bread; The child cut out the pictures; She cut up the meat into small pieces.) ciąć

3) (to make by cutting: She cut a hole in the cloth.) wycinać

4) (to shorten by cutting; to trim: to cut hair; I'll cut the grass.) ciąć, strzyc

5) (to reduce: They cut my wages by ten per cent.) obcinać

6) (to remove: They cut several passages from the film.) wycinać

7) (to wound or hurt by breaking the skin (of): I cut my hand on a piece of glass.) przecinać

8) (to divide (a pack of cards).) przekładać

9) (to stop: When the actress said the wrong words, the director ordered `Cut!') przerywać

10) (to take a short route or way: He cut through/across the park on his way to the office; A van cut in in front of me on the motorway.) skracać, ścinać, zajeżdżać drogę

11) (to meet and cross (a line or geometrical figure): An axis cuts a circle in two places.) przecinać

12) (to stay away from (a class, lecture etc): He cut school and went to the cinema.) opuszczać, nie uczęszczać do

13) ((also cut dead) to ignore completely: She cut me dead in the High Street.) ignorować
2. noun
1) (the result of an act of cutting: a cut on the head; a power-cut (= stoppage of electrical power); a haircut; a cut in prices.) cięcie, obcięcie, przerwa

2) (the way in which something is tailored, fashioned etc: the cut of the jacket.) krój

3) (a piece of meat cut from an animal: a cut of beef.) kawałek, porcja

•

- cutter
- cutting 3. adjective
(insulting or offending: a cutting remark.) zjadliwy

- cut glass
- cut-price
- cut-throat 4. adjective
(fierce; ruthless: cut-throat business competition.) bezlitosny

- a cut above
- cut and dried
- cut back
- cut both ways
- cut a dash
- cut down
- cut in
- cut it fine
- cut no ice
- cut off
- cut one's losses
- cut one's teeth
- cut out
- cut short

English-Polish dictionary > cut
15 capital

I
1. 'kæpitl noun
1) (the chief town or seat of government: Paris is the capital of France.) capital

2) ((also capital letter) any letter of the type found at the beginning of sentences, proper names etc: THESE ARE CAPITAL LETTERS / CAPITALS.) mayúscula

3) (money (for investment etc): You need capital to start a new business.) capital

2. adjective
1) (involving punishment by death: a capital offence.) capital, pena de muerte

2) (excellent: a capital idea.) excelente, brillante

3) ((of a city) being a capital: Paris and other capital cities.) capital

•

- capitalism
- capitalist
- capitalist
- capitalistic
II 'kæpitl noun
(in architecture, the top part of a column of a building etc.) capitel

capital n capital

capital adjetivo ‹ importancia› cardinal, prime; ‹ influencia› seminal (frml); ‹ obra› key, seminal (frml) ■ sustantivo masculino
a) (Com, Fin) capital

b) (recursos, riqueza) resources (pl)
■ sustantivo femenino ( de país) capital; ( de provincia) provincial capital, ≈ county seat ( in US), ≈ county town ( in UK);
◊ Valencia capital the city of Valencia

capital
I sustantivo femenino capital: la orquesta tocará en las principales capitales europeas, the orchestra will play in all the main European capitals
II sustantivo masculino Fin capital
capital activo/social, working/share capital
III adjetivo capital, main
pena capital, capital punishment ' capital' also found in these entries: Spanish: capitel - caudal - ciudad - inmovilizar - mayúscula - plusvalía - provincia - retener - retención - social - versal - versalita - villa - ampliación - ampliar - antiguo - capitalino - divisa - doblar - fuga - ganancia - inmediaciones - invertir - mayúsculo - México - Panamá - pecado - pena - sangría English: archives - capital - capital gains tax - capital punishment - capital reserves - district - drain - equity - injection - major - movement - opposed - principal - share capital - tie up - up - working capital - against - big - caps - flow - inject - put

capital

tr['kæpɪtəl]

noun

1 SMALLARCHITECTURE/SMALL capitel nombre masculino

————————

capital

tr['kæpɪtəl]

noun

1 (of country etc) capital nombre femenino

■ what's the capital of Greece? ¿cuál es la capital de Grecia?

2 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL capital nombre masculino

■ starting capital capital inicial

3 (letter) mayúscula

■ write it in capitals escríbelo con mayúsculas

adjective

1 SMALLLAW/SMALL (offence) capital

2 (letter) mayúscula

■ capital A A mayúscula

3 (very serious) grave

4 (primary, chief, principal) primordial, capital

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to make capital out of something sacar provecho de algo, sacar partido de algo

capital city capital nombre femenino

capital expenditure / capital investment inversión nombre femenino de capital

capital goods bienes nombre masculino plural de equipo

capital stock capital nombre masculino social

capital transfer tax impuesto sobre sucesiones

capital ['kæpət̬əl] adj

1) : capital

capital punishment: pena capital

2) : mayúsculo (dícese de las letras)

3) : de capital

capital assets: activo fijo

capital gain: ganancia de capital, plusvalía

4) excellent: excelente, estupendo

capital n

1) or capital city : capital f, sede f del gobierno

2) wealth: capital m

3) or capital letter : mayúscula f

4) : capitel m (de una columna)

capital (Finance)

n.

• capital s.m. (Government)

n.

• capital s.f. (Letter)

n.

• mayúscula s.f.

adj.

• capital adj.

• capitel (Arquitectura) adj.

• excelente adj.

• mayúscula adj.

• versal adj.

n.

• capitel s.m.

• fondo s.m.

• versal s.m.

I 'kæpətḷ, 'kæpɪtḷ
noun

1) c ( city) capital f

2) c ( letter) mayúscula f

3) u ( Fin) capital m

to make capital (out) of something — sacar* provecho or partido de algo; (before n)

capital expenditure/investment — gasto m/inversión f de capital

capital gains tax — impuesto m sobre la plusvalía

II

adjective

1) ( Law) < offense> que está sancionado con la pena de muerte

capital punishment — pena f capital or de muerte

2)

a) ( major) primordial

b) (Geog, Pol)

capital city — capital f

3) ( Print) < letter> mayúscula

he's into art with a capital A — ( iro) le interesa el Arte con mayúscula

['kæpɪtl]
1. ADJ

1) (Jur) capital

2) (=chief) capital

3) (=essential) capital, primordial

of capital importance — de capital importancia

4) [letter] mayúsculo

capital Q — Q f mayúscula

he's Conservative with a capital C — es conservador con mayúscula

5) † * (=splendid) magnífico, estupendo

capital! — ¡magnífico!, ¡estupendo!

2. N

1) (also: capital letter) mayúscula f

capitals — (large) mayúsculas fpl, versales fpl ; (small) versalitas fpl

please write in capitals — escribir en letras de imprenta

2) (also: capital city) capital f

3) (Econ) capital m

to make capital out of sth — (fig) sacar provecho de algo

4) (Archit) capitel m

3.

CPD

capital account N — cuenta f de capital

capital allowance N — desgravación f sobre bienes de capital

capital assets NPL — activo msing fijo

capital equipment N — bienes mpl de equipo

capital expenditure N — inversión f de capital

capital formation N — formación f de capital

capital gain(s) N (PL) — plusvalía f

capital gains tax N — impuesto m sobre las plusvalías

capital goods NPL — bienes mpl de equipo

capital growth N — aumento m del capital

capital investment N — inversión f de capital

capital levy N — impuesto m sobre el capital

capital offence, capital offense (US) N — delito m capital

capital outlay N — desembolso m de capital

capital punishment N — pena f de muerte

capital reserves NPL — reservas fpl de capital

capital sentence N — condena f a la pena de muerte

capital ship N — acorazado m

capital spending N — capital m adquisitivo

capital stock N — (=capital) capital m social or comercial; (=shares) acciones fpl de capital

capital sum N — capital m

capital transfer tax N — (Brit) impuesto m sobre plusvalía de cesión

* * *

I ['kæpətḷ, 'kæpɪtḷ]
noun

1) c ( city) capital f

2) c ( letter) mayúscula f

3) u ( Fin) capital m

to make capital (out) of something — sacar* provecho or partido de algo; (before n)

capital expenditure/investment — gasto m/inversión f de capital

capital gains tax — impuesto m sobre la plusvalía

II

adjective

1) ( Law) < offense> que está sancionado con la pena de muerte

capital punishment — pena f capital or de muerte

2)

a) ( major) primordial

b) (Geog, Pol)

capital city — capital f

3) ( Print) < letter> mayúscula

he's into art with a capital A — ( iro) le interesa el Arte con mayúscula

English-spanish dictionary > capital
16 up

1. adverb
1) (to higher place) nach oben; (in lift) aufwärts

[right] up to something — (lit. or fig.) [ganz] bis zu etwas hinauf

the bird flew up to the roof — der Vogel flog aufs Dach [hinauf]

up into the air — in die Luft [hinauf]...

climb up on something/climb up to the top of something — auf etwas (Akk.) [hinauf]steigen/bis zur Spitze einer Sache hinaufsteigen

the way up [to something] — der Weg hinauf [zu etwas]

on the way up — (lit. or fig.) auf dem Weg nach oben

up here/there — hier herauf/dort hinauf

high/higher up — hoch/höher hinauf

farther up — weiter hinauf

halfway/a long/little way up — den halben Weg/ein weites/kurzes Stück hinauf

come on up! — komm [hier/weiter] herauf!

up it etc. comes/goes — herauf kommt/hinauf geht es usw.

up you go! — rauf mit dir! (ugs.)

2) (to upstairs, northwards) rauf (bes. ugs.); herauf/hinauf (bes. schriftsprachlich); nach oben

come up from London to Edinburgh — von London nach Edinburgh [he]raufkommen

3) (to place regarded as more important)

go up to Leeds from the country — vom Land in die Stadt Leeds od. nach Leeds fahren

4) (Brit.): (to capital) rein (bes. ugs.); herein/hinein (bes. schriftsprachlich)

go up to town or London — nach London gehen/fahren

get up to London from Reading — von Reading nach London [he]reinfahren

5) (in higher place, upstairs, in north) oben

up here/there — hier/da oben

high up — hoch oben

an order from high up — (fig.) ein Befehl von ganz oben (ugs.)

higher up in the mountains — weiter oben in den Bergen

the picture should be higher up — das Bild müsste höher hängen

farther up — weiter oben

halfway/a long/little way up — auf halbem Weg nach oben/ein gutes/kurzes Stück weiter oben

10 metres up — 10 Meter hoch

live four floors or storeys up — im vierten Stockwerk wohnen

his flat is on the next floor up — seine Wohnung ist ein Stockwerk höher

up north — oben im Norden (ugs.)

6) (erect) hoch

keep your head up — halte den Kopf hoch; see also academic.ru/12509/chin">chin

7) (out of bed)

be up — auf sein

up and about — auf den Beinen

8) (in place regarded as more important; Brit.): (in capital)

up in town or London/Leeds — in London/Leeds

9) (in price, value, amount)

prices have gone/are up — die Preise sind gestiegen

butter is up [by...] — Butter ist [...] teurer

10) (including higher limit)

up to — bis... hinauf

up to midday/up to £2 — bis zum Mittag/bis zu 2 Pfund

11) (in position of gain)

we're £300 up on last year — wir liegen 300 Pfund über dem letzten Jahr

the takings were £500 up on the previous month — die Einnahmen lagen 500 Pfund über denen des Vormonats

12) (ahead)

be three points/games/goals up — (Sport) mit drei Punkten/Spielen/Toren vorn liegen

be three points up on somebody — drei Punkte vor jemandem sein od. liegen

13) (as far as)

up to something — bis zu etwas

she is up to Chapter 3 — sie ist bis zum dritten Kapitel gekommen od. ist beim dritten Kapitel

up to here/there — bis hier[hin]/bis dorthin

I've had it up to here — (coll.) mir steht es bis hier [hin] (ugs.)

up to now/then/that time/last week — bis jetzt/damals/zu jener Zeit/zur letzten Woche

14)

up to — (comparable with)

be up to expectation[s] — den Erwartungen entsprechen

his last opera is not up to his others — seine neueste Oper reicht an seine früheren nicht heran

15)

up to — (capable of)

[not] be/feel up to something — einer Sache (Dat.) [nicht] gewachsen sein/sich einer Sache (Dat.) [nicht] gewachsen fühlen

[not] be/feel up to doing something — [nicht] in der Lage sein/sich nicht in der Lage fühlen, etwas zu tun

not be up to much — nicht viel taugen

16)

up to — (derog.): (doing)

be up to something — etwas anstellen (ugs.)

what is he up to? — was hat er [bloß] vor?

17)

it is [not] up to somebody to do something — (somebody's duty) es ist [nicht] jemandes Sache, etwas zu tun

it is up to us to help them — es ist unsere Pflicht, ihnen zu helfen

now it's up to him to do something — nun liegt es bei od. an ihm, etwas zu tun

it's/that's up to you — (is for you to decide) es/das hängt von dir ab; (concerns only you) es/das ist deine Sache

18) (close)

up against somebody/something — an jemandem/etwas [lehnen]; an jemanden/etwas [stellen]

sit up against the wall — mit dem Rücken zur od. an der Wand sitzen

19) (confronted by)

be up against a problem/difficulty — etc. (coll.) vor einem Problem/einer Schwierigkeit usw. stehen

be up against a tough opponent — es mit einem harten Gegner zu tun haben

be up against it — in großen Schwierigkeiten stecken

20)

up and down — (upwards and downwards) hinauf und hinunter; (to and fro) auf und ab

be up and down — (coll.): (variable) Hochs und Tiefs haben

21) (facing upwards)

‘this side/way up’ — (on box etc.) "[hier] oben"

turn something this/the other side/way up — diese/die andere Seite einer Sache nach oben drehen

the right/wrong way up — richtig/verkehrt od. falsch herum

22) (finished, at an end) abgelaufen

time is up — die Zeit ist abgelaufen
2. preposition
1) (upwards along, from bottom to top) rauf (bes. ugs.); herauf/hinauf (bes. schriftsprachlich)

walk up something — etwas hinaufgehen

up hill and down dale — bergauf und bergab

2) (upwards through)

force a liquid up a pipe — eine Flüssigkeit durch eine Röhre nach oben pressen

3) (upwards over)

up something — etwas (Akk.) hinauf

ivy grew up the wall — Efeu wuchs die Mauer hinauf

4) (along)

come up the street — die Straße herauf- od. entlangkommen

walk up and down the platform — auf dem Bahnsteig auf und ab gehen

5) (at or in higher position in or on) [weiter] oben

further up the ladder/coast — weiter oben auf der Leiter/an der Küste

6) (from bottom to top along)

up the side of a house — an der Seite eines Hauses hinauf
3. adjective
1) (directed upwards) aufwärts führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach oben; nach oben gerichtet [Kolbenhub]

up train/line — (Railw.) Zug/Gleis Richtung Stadt

2) (well-informed)

be up in a subject/on the news — in einem Fach auf der Höhe [der Zeit] sein/über alle Neuigkeiten Bescheid wissen od. gut informiert sein

3) (coll.): (ready)

tea['s]/grub['s] up! — Tee/Essen ist fertig!

4) (coll.): (amiss)

what's up? — was ist los? (ugs.)

something is up — irgendwas ist los (ugs.)
4. noun in pl.
the ups and downs — (lit. or fig.) das Auf und Ab; (fig.) die Höhen und Tiefen
5. intransitive verb,
- pp- (coll.)

up and leave/resign — einfach abhauen (ugs.) /kündigen

he ups and says... — da sagt er doch [ur]plötzlich...
6. transitive verb,
- pp- (coll.) (increase) erhöhen; (raise up) heben

* * *

(to become covered (as if) with mist: The mirror misted over; The windscreen misted up.) beschlagen

* * *

up

[ʌp]

I. adv inv

1. (to higher position) nach oben, hinauf; lift aufwärts

hands \up! Hände hoch!

the water had come \up to the level of the windows das Wasser war bis auf Fensterhöhe gestiegen

four flights \up from here vier Etagen höher

come on \up! komm [hier] herauf!

\up it/she etc. comes! herauf kommt es/sie!

\up you go! rauf mit dir! fam

bottom \up mit der Unterseite nach oben

halfway \up auf halber Höhe

high \up hoch hinauf

farther \up weiter hinauf

\up and \up immer höher

\up and away auf und davon

2. (erect) aufrecht

just lean it \up against the wall lehnen Sie es einfach gegen die Wand

3. (out of bed) auf

is he \up yet? ist er schon auf?

to be \up late lange aufbleiben

\up and about auf den Beinen

4. (northwards) hinauf, herauf, rauf fam

on Tuesday she'll be travelling \up to Newcastle from Birmingham am Dienstag fährt sie von Birmingham nach Newcastle hinauf

she comes \up from Washington about once a month sie kommt ungefähr einmal im Monat aus Washington herauf

\up north oben im Norden

5. (at higher place) oben

farther \up weiter oben

\up here/there hier/da oben

a long/little way \up ein gutes/kurzes Stück weiter oben

\up in the hills [dr]oben in den Bergen

2 metres \up 2 Meter hoch

I live on the next floor \up ich wohne ein Stockwerk höher

6. BRIT (towards city)

I'll be \up in London this weekend ich fahre an diesem Wochenende nach London

\up from the country vom Land

7. BRIT (at university)

is he \up at Cambridge yet? hat er schon [mit seinem Studium] in Cambridge angefangen?

8. (toward)

▪ \up to sb/sth auf jdn/etw zu

a limousine drew \up to where we were standing eine Limousine kam auf uns zu

she went \up to the counter sie ging zum Schalter

to run \up to sb jdm entgegenlaufen

to walk \up to sb auf jdn zugehen

9. (in high position) an der Spitze, oben fam

as a composer he was \up there with the best als Komponist gehörte er zur Spitze

she's something high \up in the company sie ist ein hohes Tier in der Firma

10. (higher in price or number) höher

last year the company's turnover was £240 billion, \up 3% on the previous year letztes Jahr lag der Umsatz der Firma bei 240 Milliarden Pfund, das sind 3 % mehr als im Jahr davor

items on this rack are priced [from] £50 \up die Waren in diesem Regal kosten ab 50 Pfund aufwärts

this film is suitable for children aged 13 and \up dieser Film ist für Kinder ab 13 Jahren geeignet

11. (to point of)

\up until [or till] [or to] bis + akk

\up to yesterday bis gestern

he can overdraw \up to £300 er kann bis zu 300 Pfund überziehen

12. (in opposition to)

to be \up against sb/sth es mit jdm/etw zu tun haben, sich akk mit jdm/etw konfrontiert sehen

the company was \up against some problems die Firma stand vor einigen Problemen

to be \up against it in Schwierigkeiten sein

to be \up against the law gegen das Gesetz stehen, mit dem Gesetz in Konflikt kommen

13. (depend on)

to be \up to sb von jdm abhängen

I'll leave it \up to you ich überlasse dir die Entscheidung

to be \up to sb to do sth jds Aufgabe sein, etw zu tun

14. (contrive)

to be \up to sth etw vorhaben [o im Schilde führen]

he's \up to no good er führt nichts Gutes im Schilde

15. (be adequate)

to be \up to sth einer Sache dat gewachsen sein, bei einer Sache dat mithalten können

do you feel \up to the challenge? fühlst du dich dieser Herausforderung gewachsen?

to be \up to doing sth in der Lage sein, etw zu tun

are you sure you're \up to it? bist du sicher, dass du das schaffst?

to not be \up to much nicht viel taugen

his German isn't \up to much sein Deutsch ist nicht besonders gut

16. (comparable with)

to be \up to expectations den Erwartungen entsprechen

her latest book is just not \up to her previous successes ihr neuestes Buch reicht an ihren früheren Erfolgen einfach nicht heran

17. AM (apiece) pro Person

the score was 3 \up at half-time bei Halbzeit stand es 3 [für] beide

18. ( dated fam: yes for)

\up with sb/sth hoch lebe jd/etw

\up with freedom! es lebe die Freiheit!

19.

▶ it's all \up with sb es ist aus mit jdm

▶ to be \up with the clock gut in der Zeit liegen

▶ to be \up to the ears [or eyeballs] [or neck] in problems bis zum Hals in Schwierigkeiten stecken

II. prep

1. (to higher position) hinauf, herauf, rauf fam

\up the ladder/mountain/stairs die Leiter/den Berg/die Treppe hinauf

2. (along)

[just] \up the road ein Stück die Straße hinauf, weiter oben in der Straße

to walk \up the road die Straße hinaufgehen [o entlanggehen]

\up and down auf und ab

he was running \up and down the path er rannte den Pfad auf und ab

he was strolling \up and down the corridor er schlenderte auf dem Gang auf und ab

\up and down the country überall im Land

3. (against flow)

\up the river/stream fluss-/bachauf[wärts]

a cruise \up the Rhine eine Fahrt den Rhein aufwärts [o rheinauf[wärts]

4. (at top of)

▪ \up sth oben auf etw dat

he's \up that ladder er steht dort oben auf der Leiter

\up the stairs am Ende der Treppe

5. AUS, BRIT ( fam: to)

are you going \up the club tonight? gehst du heute Abend in den Klub?; (at)

I'll see you \up the pub later ich treffe dich [o wir sehen uns] später in der Kneipe

6.

▶ be \up the creek [or ( vulg sl)\up shit creek] [without a paddle] [schön] in der Klemme [o derb Scheiße] sitzen

▶ \up hill and down dale bergauf und bergab

he led me \up hill and down dale till my feet were dropping off er führte mich quer durch die Gegend, bis mir fast die Füße abfielen fam

▶ \up top BRIT ( fam) im Kopf

a man with nothing much \up top ein Mann mit nicht viel im Kopf [o fam Hirnkasten]

▶ \up yours! ( vulg) ihr könnt/du kannst mich mal! derb

III. adj inv

1. attr (moving upward) nach oben

the \up escalator der Aufzug nach oben

2. attr BRIT ( dated: travelling toward the city)

what time does the next \up train leave? wann fährt der nächste Zug in die Stadt ab?

\up platform Bahnsteig, von dem die Züge in die nächstgelegene Stadt abfahren

3. attr PHYS

\up quark Up-Quark nt

4. pred (out of bed) auf[gestanden]

5. pred (erect) collar hochgeschlagen

6. pred (leading) in Führung

Manchester is two goals \up Manchester liegt mit zwei Toren in Führung

7. pred BRIT, AUS (being repaired) road aufgegraben, aufgerissen SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR

the council has got the road \up der Stadtrat hat die Straße aufgraben lassen

8. pred (more intense)

the wind is \up der Wind hat aufgedreht

the river is \up der Fluss ist angeschwollen

9. pred (in horseracing) zu Pferd

10. pred (happy) high sl, obenauf

▪ to be \up about [or on] [or for] sth von etw dat begeistert sein

I'm really \up for spending a posh weekend in Paris ich freue mich total darauf, ein tolles Wochenende in Paris zu verbringen fam

11. pred BRIT ( dated: frothy) schäumend

12. pred (functioning properly) funktionstüchtig

do you know when the server will be \up again? weißt du, wann der Server wieder in Betrieb ist?

this computer is down more than it's \up dieser Computer ist öfter gestört, als dass er läuft

to be \up and running funktionstüchtig [o in Ordnung] sein

to get sth \up and running etw wieder zum Laufen bringen

13. pred (in baseball) am Schlag

14. pred (finished) time, hours vorbei, um

your time is \up! Ihre Zeit ist um!

the soldier's leave will be \up at midnight der Ausgang des Soldaten endet um Mitternacht

15. pred ( fam: happening)

something is \up irgendetwas ist im Gange

what's \up? was ist los?

16. pred (informed)

▪ to be \up in sth sich akk mit etw dat auskennen

how well \up are you in Spanish? wie fit bist du in Spanisch? fam

17. pred (scheduled)

▪ to be \up for sth für etw akk vorgesehen sein; terms zur Debatte stehen

the house is \up for sale das Haus steht zum Verkauf

18. pred LAW (on trial) unter Anklage

he'll be \up before the magistrate er wird sich vor Gericht verantworten müssen

▪ to be \up for sth sich akk wegen einer S. gen vor Gericht verantworten müssen

to be \up for trial person vor Gericht stehen; case verhandelt werden

19. pred (interested in)

▪ to be \up for sth:

I think I'm \up for a walk ich glaube, ich habe Lust, spazieren zu gehen [o auf einen Spaziergang]

I'm \up for going out to eat ich hätte Lust, essen zu gehen

IV. n ( fam: good period) Hoch nt

unfortunately, we won't always have \ups leider gibt es für uns nicht immer nur Höhen

\ups and downs gute und schlechte Zeiten

▶ to be on the \up and \up BRIT, AUS ( fam: be improving) im Aufwärtstrend begriffen sein; esp AM (be honest) sauber sein fam

her career has been on the \up and \up since she moved into sales seit sie im Vertrieb ist, geht es mit ihrer Karriere stetig aufwärts

is this deal on the \up and \up? ist das ein sauberes Geschäft?

V. vi

<- pp->

( fam)

▪ to \up and do sth etw plötzlich tun

after dinner they just \upped and went without saying goodbye nach dem Abendessen gingen sie einfach weg, ohne auf Wiedersehen zu sagen

VI. vt

<- pp->

▪ to \up sth

1. (increase) capacity etw erhöhen

to \up the ante [or stakes] den Einsatz erhöhen

to \up a price/tax rate einen Preis/Steuersatz anheben

2. (raise) etw erheben

they \upped their glasses and toasted the host sie erhoben das Glas und brachten einen Toast auf den Gastgeber aus

VII. interj auf!, los, aufstehen!

* * *
[ʌp]
1. ADVERB

1) indicating position = in high or higher position oben; (= to higher position) nach oben

up there — dort oben, droben ( liter, S Ger

up here on the roof — hier oben auf dem Dach

on your way up (to see us/them) — auf dem Weg (zu uns/ihnen) hinauf

he climbed all the way up (to us/them) — er ist den ganzen Weg (zu uns/ihnen) hochgeklettert

to stop halfway up — auf halber Höhe anhalten

we were 6,000 m up when... — wir waren 6.000 m hoch, als...

5 floors up — 5 Stockwerke hoch

3 floors up from me — 3 Stockwerke über mir

they were up above — sie waren hoch oben

I looked up (above) — ich schaute nach oben

this side up — diese Seite oben!

a little further up — ein bisschen weiter oben

to go a little further up —

hang the picture a bit higher up — häng das Bild ein bisschen höher

stick the notice up here — häng den Anschlag hier hin

from up on the hill — vom Berg oben

up on top (of the cupboard) — ganz oben (auf dem Schrank)

up in the mountains/sky — oben or droben ( liter, S Ger ) in den Bergen/am Himmel

the temperature was up in the thirties — die Temperatur war über dreißig Grad

the sun/moon is up —

the tide is up — es ist Flut, die Flut ist da

the wind is up — der Wind hat aufgefrischt

with his collar up — mit hochgeschlagenem Kragen

the road is up (Brit) — die Straße ist aufgegraben

to be up with the leaders — vorn bei den Führenden sein

to move up into the lead —

Red Rum with Joe Smith up — Red Rum unter Joe Smith

up and away the balloon sailed — der Ballon stieg auf und schwebte davon

then up jumps Richard and says... — und dann springt Richard auf und sagt...

the needle was up at 95 —

come on, up, that's my chair! up! he shouted to his horse — komm, auf mit dir, das ist mein Stuhl! spring! schrie er seinem Pferd zu

up with the Liberals! — hoch die Liberalen!

up with Spurs! — Spurs hoch!

up yours! (sl) — leck mich (inf), fick dich!(vulg)

2)

= installed, built to be up (building) — stehen; (tent also) aufgeschlagen sein; (scaffolding) aufgestellt sein; (notice) hängen, angeschlagen sein; (picture) hängen, aufgehängt sein; (shutters) zu sein; (shelves, wallpaper, curtains, pictures) hängen

the new houses went up very quickly — die neuen Häuser sind sehr schnell gebaut or hochgezogen (inf) worden __diams; to be up and running laufen; (committee etc) in Gang sein; (business etc) einwandfrei funktionieren

have you got your computer up and running yet? — läuft dein Computer schon?

3) = not in bed auf

up (with you)! — auf mit dir!, raus aus dem Bett (inf)

to be up and about — auf sein; (after illness also) auf den Beinen sein

4) = north oben

up in Inverness — in Inverness oben, oben in Inverness

we are going up to Aberdeen — wir fahren nach Aberdeen (hinauf)

to be/live up north — im Norden sein/wohnen

to go up north —

up from the country — vom Lande

we're up for the day —

he was up at Susie's place — er war bei Susie zu Hause

5) = at university Brit am Studienort

the students are only up for half the year — die Studenten sind nur die Hälfte des Jahres am Studienort

to go up to Cambridge — (zum Studium) nach Cambridge gehen

he was up at Oxford in 1982 — er hat 1982 in Oxford studiert

6) in price, value gestiegen (on gegenüber)

my shares are up 70p — meine Aktien sind um 70 Pence gestiegen

then up go prices again — und wieder steigen die Preise

7)

in score to be 3 goals up — mit 3 Toren führen or vorn liegen (on gegenüber)

the score was 9 up (US) —

I'll play you 100 up — ich spiele auf 100 (mit dir)

we were £100 up on the deal — wir haben bei dem Geschäft £ 100 gemacht

to be one up on sb — jdm um einen Schritt voraus sein

8)

= upwards from £10 up — von £ 10 (an) aufwärts, ab £ 10

from the age of 13 up — ab (dem Alter von) 13 Jahren, von 13 Jahren aufwärts

9)

= wrong inf what's up? —

what's up with him? — was ist mit dem los?, was ist los mit ihm?

there's something up with it — irgendetwas stimmt damit nicht or hier nicht

10) = knowledgeable firm, beschlagen (in, on in +dat)

he's well up on foreign affairs —

I'm not very up on French history — in französischer Geschichte bin ich nicht sehr beschlagen

11)

= finished time's up — die Zeit ist um, die Zeit ist zu Ende

the weekend is nearly up — das Wochenende ist fast zu Ende or fast vorüber

to eat/use sth up —

it's all up with him (inf) — es ist aus mit ihm (inf), es ist mit ihm zu Ende

12)

set structures __diams; up against it was up against the wall — es war an die Wand gelehnt

put it up against the wall — lehne es an die Wand

to be up against a difficulty/an opponent — einem Problem/Gegner gegenüberstehen, es mit einem Problem/Gegner zu tun haben

I fully realize what I'm up against — mir ist völlig klar, womit ich es hier zu tun habe

they were really up against it — sie hatten wirklich schwer zu schaffen __diams; up and down auf und ab

to walk up and down —

to bounce up and down — hochfedern, auf und ab hüpfen

he's been up and down all evening (from seat) — er hat den ganzen Abend keine Minute still gesessen; (on stairs) er ist den ganzen Abend die Treppe rauf- und runtergerannt

she's still a bit up and down (after illness etc) — es geht ihr immer noch mal besser, mal schlechter

the matter is up before the committee — die Sache ist vor dem Ausschuss

the boys were up before the head teacher — die Jungen sind vor den Direktor zitiert worden

to be up before the Court/before Judge Smith (case) — verhandelt werden/von Richter Smith verhandelt werden; (person) vor Gericht/Richter Smith stehen

to be up for sale — zu verkaufen sein

to be up for discussion — zur Diskussion stehen

to be up for election (candidate) — zur Wahl aufgestellt sein; (candidates) zur Wahl stehen

to be up for trial — vor Gericht stehen __diams; up to = as far as bis

up to now/here — bis jetzt/hier

to count up to 100 — bis 100 zählen

up to £100 —

it holds up to 8 — es fasst bis zu 8

I'm up to here in work/debt (inf) — ich stecke bis hier in Arbeit/Schulden

I'm full up to here (inf) — ich bin bis oben (hin) voll (inf)

what page are you up to? — bis zu welcher Seite bist du gekommen?

I don't feel up to it — ich fühle mich dem nicht gewachsen

it isn't up to much — damit ist nicht viel los

is he up to the heavier weights? — schafft er schwerere Gewichte?

he isn't up to running the company by himself — er hat nicht das Zeug dazu, die Firma allein zu leiten

it isn't up to his usual standard — das ist nicht sein sonstiges Niveau

we're going up Ben Nevis – are you sure you're up to it? — wir wollen Ben Nevis besteigen – glaubst du, dass du das schaffst? __diams; to be up to sb

it's up to us to help him — wir sollten ihm helfen

if it were up to me —

the success of this project is up to you now — wie erfolgreich dieses Projekt wird, hängt jetzt nur noch von Ihnen (selbst) ab, es liegt jetzt ganz an Ihnen, ob dieses Projekt ein Erfolg wird

it's up to you whether you go or not — es liegt an or bei dir or es bleibt dir überlassen, ob du gehst oder nicht

I'd like to accept, but it isn't up to me — ich würde gerne annehmen, aber ich habe da nicht zu bestimmen or aber das hängt nicht von mir ab

shall I take it? – that's entirely up to you — soll ich es nehmen? – das müssen Sie selbst wissen

what colour shall I choose? – (it's) up to you — welche Farbe soll ich nehmen? – das ist deine Entscheidung

it's up to the government to put this right —

it's not up to the government — das ist nicht Sache der Regierung

what have you been up to? — was hast du angestellt?

what are you up to with that? — was hast du damit vor?

he's up to no good —

I'm sure he's up to something (child) hey you! what do you think you're up to! — ich bin sicher, er hat etwas vor or (sth suspicious) er führt irgendetwas im Schilde ich bin sicher, er stellt irgendetwas an he Sie, was machen Sie eigentlich da!

what does he think he's up to? — was soll das eigentlich?, was hat er eigentlich vor?

2. PREPOSITION
oben auf (+dat); (with movement) hinauf (+acc)
further up the page — weiter oben auf der Seite

to live up the hill — am Berg wohnen

to go up the hill — den Berg hinaufgehen

they live further up the hill/street — sie wohnen weiter oben am Berg/weiter die Straße entlang

he lives up a dark alley — er wohnt am Ende einer dunklen Gasse

up the road from me — (von mir) die Straße entlang

he went off up the road — er ging (weg) die Straße hinauf

he hid it up the chimney — er versteckte es (oben) im Kamin

the water goes up this pipe — das Wasser geht durch dieses Rohr

up one's sleeve (position) — im Ärmel; (motion) in den Ärmel

as I travel up and down the country —

I've been up and down the stairs all night — ich bin in der Nacht immer nur die Treppe rauf- und runtergerannt

he was up the pub ( Brit inf ) — er war in der Kneipe

let's go up the pub/up Johnny's place (inf) — gehen wir doch zur Kneipe/zu Johnny (inf)

to go up to sb — auf jdn zugehen

3. NOUN
__diams; ups and downs gute und schlechte Zeiten pl; (of life) Höhen und Tiefen pl
after many ups and downs — nach vielen Höhen und Tiefen

they have their ups and downs — bei ihnen gibt es auch gute und schlechte Zeiten __diams; to be on the up and up ( inf

he/his career is on the up and up (inf) — mit ihm/seiner Karriere geht es aufwärts

4. ADJECTIVE
(= going up) escalator nach oben; (RAIL) train, line zur nächsten größeren Stadt
platform 14 is the up platform — auf Bahnsteig 14 fahren die Züge nach London etc

5. TRANSITIVE VERB
(inf) price, offer hinaufsetzen; production ankurbeln; bet erhöhen (to auf +acc)
6. INTRANSITIVE VERB
(inf)
she upped and left him — sie verließ ihn ganz plötzlich or Knall auf Fall (inf)

he upped and ran — er rannte ganz plötzlich davon

* * *

up [ʌp]

A adv

1. a) nach oben, hoch, herauf, hinauf, in die Höhe, empor, aufwärts

b) oben (auch fig):

face up (mit dem) Gesicht nach oben;

… and up und (noch) höher oder mehr, von … aufwärts;

up and up höher und höher, immer höher;

farther up weiter hinauf oder (nach) oben;

three storeys up drei Stock hoch, (oben) im dritten Stock (-werk);

up and down

a) auf und ab, hin und her oder zurück,

b) fig überall;

buttoned all the way up bis oben (hin) zugeknöpft;

up from

a) (heraus) aus,

b) von … an, angefangen von …;

up from the country vom Lande;

from my youth up von Jugend auf, seit meiner Jugend;

up till now bis jetzt

2. weiter (nach oben), höher (auch fig):

up north weiter im Norden

3. flussaufwärts, den Fluss hinauf

4. nach oder im Norden:

up from Cuba von Kuba aus in nördlicher Richtung

5. a) in der oder in die ( besonders Haupt)Stadt

b) Br besonders in oder nach London:

he’s up for a week Br er ist eine Woche (lang) in London

6. Br am oder zum Studienort, im College etc:

he stayed up for the vacation

7. US umg in (dat):

up north im Norden

8. aufrecht, gerade:

sit up gerade sitzen

9. up to auf … (akk) zu, zu … (hin):

he went straight up to the door er ging geradewegs auf die Tür zu oder zur Tür

10. SPORT etc erzielt (Punktzahl):

with a hundred up mit hundert (Punkten)

11. Tischtennis etc: auf:

two up zwei auf, beide zwei

12. Baseball: am Schlag

13. SCHIFF luvwärts, gegen den Wind

14. up to

a) hinauf nach oder zu,

b) bis (zu), bis an oder auf (akk),

c) gemäß, entsprechend:

up to six months bis zu sechs Monaten;

up to town in die Stadt, Br besonders nach London;

up to death bis zum Tode; → chin A, count¹ C 1, date² A 10, expectation 1, mark¹ A 13, par A 3, scratch A 5, standard¹ A 6

15. be up to meist umg

a) etwas vorhaben, etwas im Schilde führen,

b) gewachsen sein (dat),

c) entsprechen (dat),

d) jemandes Sache sein, abhängen von,

e) fähig oder bereit sein zu,

f) vorbereitet oder gefasst sein auf (akk),

g) vertraut sein mit, sich auskennen in (dat):

what are you up to? was hast du vor?, was machst du ( there da)?;

he is up to no good er führt nichts Gutes im Schilde;

it is up to him es liegt an ihm, es hängt von ihm ab, es ist seine Sache;

it is not up to much es taugt nicht viel;

he is not up to much mit ihm ist nicht viel los; → snuff¹ C 3, trick A 1, A 2

16. (in Verbindung mit Verben [siehe jeweils diese] besonders als Intensivum)

a) auf…, aus…, ver…

b) zusammen…

B int up! auf!, hoch!, herauf!, hinauf!:

up (with you)! (steh) auf!;

up …! hoch (lebe) …!; → bottom A 1

C präp

1. auf … (akk) (hinauf):

up the ladder die Leiter hinauf;

up the street die Straße hinauf oder entlang;

up yours! vulg leck(t) mich (doch)!

2. in das Innere eines Landes etc (hinein):

up (the) country landeinwärts

3. gegen:

up (the) wind

4. oben an oder auf (dat), an der Spitze (gen):

up the tree (oben) auf dem Baum;

further up the road weiter oben in der Straße;

up the yard hinten im Hof

D adj

1. Aufwärts…, nach oben gerichtet

2. im Inneren (des Landes etc)

3. nach der oder zur Stadt:

up train;

up platform Bahnsteig m für Stadtzüge

4. a) oben (befindlich), (nach oben) gestiegen

b) hoch (auch fig):

be up fig an der Spitze sein, obenauf sein ( → D 6, D 11);

he is well up in that subject umg in diesem Fach ist er auf der Höhe oder gut beschlagen oder firm;

prices are up die Preise sind gestiegen;

wheat is up WIRTSCH der Weizen steht hoch (im Kurs), der Weizenpreis ist gestiegen

5. höher

6. auf(gestanden), auf den Beinen (auch fig):

be up auf sein ( → D 4, D 11);

be up and about (again) (wieder) auf den Beinen sein;

be up late lange aufbleiben;

be up again wieder obenauf sein;

be up against a hard job umg vor einer schwierigen Aufgabe stehen;

be up against it umg in der Klemme sein oder sitzen oder stecken

7. (zum Sprechen) aufgestanden:

the Home Secretary is up der Innenminister will sprechen oder spricht

8. PARL Br geschlossen:

Parliament is up das Parlament hat seine Sitzungen beendet oder hat sich vertagt

9. (bei verschiedenen Substantiven)

a) aufgegangen (Sonne, Samen)

b) hochgeschlagen (Kragen)

c) hochgekrempelt (Ärmel etc)

d) aufgespannt (Schirm)

e) aufgeschlagen (Zelt)

f) hoch-, aufgezogen (Vorhang etc)

g) aufgestiegen (Ballon etc)

h) aufgeflogen (Vogel)

i) angeschwollen (Fuß etc)

10. schäumend (Getränk):

the cider is up der Apfelwein schäumt

11. be up (einwandfrei) funktionieren (Computer) ( → D 4, D 6);

up time Benutzerzeit f

12. umg in Aufruhr, erregt:

his temper is up er ist erregt oder aufgebracht;

the whole country was up das ganze Land befand sich in Aufruhr; → arm² Bes Redew, blood A 2

13. umg los, im Gange:

what’s up? was ist los?;

is anything up? ist (irgendet)was los?; → hunt A 1

14. zu Ende, abgelaufen, vorbei, um:

it’s all up es ist alles aus;

it’s all up with him koll es ist aus mit ihm; → game¹ A 6, time A 11

15. up with jemandem ebenbürtig oder gewachsen

16. up for bereit zu:

be up for election auf der Wahlliste stehen;

be up for examination sich einer Prüfung unterziehen;

be up for murder JUR unter Mordanklage stehen;

be up for sale zum Kauf stehen;

be up for trial JUR

a) vor Gericht stehen,

b) verhandelt werden

17. SPORT, Spiel: um einen Punkt etc voraus:

be one up;

one up for you eins zu null für dich (a. fig)

E v/i

1. umg aufstehen, aufspringen:

up and ask sb jemanden plötzlich fragen

2. up with US umg etwas hochreißen:

he upped with his shotgun

3. besonders US sl Aufputschmittel nehmen

F v/t umg einen Preis, die Produktion etc erhöhen

G s

1. Aufwärtsbewegung f, An-, Aufstieg m:

the ups and downs pl das Auf und Ab;

the ups and downs of life die Höhen und Tiefen des Lebens;

he has had many ups and downs in his life er hat schon viele Höhen und Tiefen erlebt;

on the up and up umg

a) Br im Steigen (begriffen), im Kommen,

b) US in Ordnung, anständig, ehrlich;

our firm’s on the up and up Br umg mit unserer Firma geht es aufwärts, unsere Firma ist im Aufwind;

he’s on the up and up umg er macht keine krummen Touren

2. umg Preisanstieg m, Wertzuwachs m

3. besonders US → upper B 4

* * *
1. adverb
1) (to higher place) nach oben; (in lift) aufwärts

[right] up to something — (lit. or fig.) [ganz] bis zu etwas hinauf

the bird flew up to the roof — der Vogel flog aufs Dach [hinauf]

up into the air — in die Luft [hinauf]...

climb up on something/climb up to the top of something — auf etwas (Akk.) [hinauf]steigen/bis zur Spitze einer Sache hinaufsteigen

the way up [to something] — der Weg hinauf [zu etwas]

on the way up — (lit. or fig.) auf dem Weg nach oben

up here/there — hier herauf/dort hinauf

high/higher up — hoch/höher hinauf

farther up — weiter hinauf

halfway/a long/little way up — den halben Weg/ein weites/kurzes Stück hinauf

come on up! — komm [hier/weiter] herauf!

up it etc. comes/goes — herauf kommt/hinauf geht es usw.

up you go! — rauf mit dir! (ugs.)

2) (to upstairs, northwards) rauf (bes. ugs.); herauf/hinauf (bes. schriftsprachlich); nach oben

come up from London to Edinburgh — von London nach Edinburgh [he]raufkommen

3) (to place regarded as more important)

go up to Leeds from the country — vom Land in die Stadt Leeds od. nach Leeds fahren

4) (Brit.): (to capital) rein (bes. ugs.); herein/hinein (bes. schriftsprachlich)

go up to town or London — nach London gehen/fahren

get up to London from Reading — von Reading nach London [he]reinfahren

5) (in higher place, upstairs, in north) oben

up here/there — hier/da oben

high up — hoch oben

an order from high up — (fig.) ein Befehl von ganz oben (ugs.)

higher up in the mountains — weiter oben in den Bergen

the picture should be higher up — das Bild müsste höher hängen

farther up — weiter oben

halfway/a long/little way up — auf halbem Weg nach oben/ein gutes/kurzes Stück weiter oben

10 metres up — 10 Meter hoch

live four floors or storeys up — im vierten Stockwerk wohnen

his flat is on the next floor up — seine Wohnung ist ein Stockwerk höher

up north — oben im Norden (ugs.)

6) (erect) hoch

keep your head up — halte den Kopf hoch; see also chin

7) (out of bed)

be up — auf sein

up and about — auf den Beinen

8) (in place regarded as more important; Brit.): (in capital)

up in town or London/Leeds — in London/Leeds

9) (in price, value, amount)

prices have gone/are up — die Preise sind gestiegen

butter is up [by...] — Butter ist [...] teurer

10) (including higher limit)

up to — bis... hinauf

up to midday/up to £2 — bis zum Mittag/bis zu 2 Pfund

11) (in position of gain)

we're £300 up on last year — wir liegen 300 Pfund über dem letzten Jahr

the takings were £500 up on the previous month — die Einnahmen lagen 500 Pfund über denen des Vormonats

12) (ahead)

be three points/games/goals up — (Sport) mit drei Punkten/Spielen/Toren vorn liegen

be three points up on somebody — drei Punkte vor jemandem sein od. liegen

13) (as far as)

up to something — bis zu etwas

she is up to Chapter 3 — sie ist bis zum dritten Kapitel gekommen od. ist beim dritten Kapitel

up to here/there — bis hier[hin]/bis dorthin

I've had it up to here — (coll.) mir steht es bis hier [hin] (ugs.)

up to now/then/that time/last week — bis jetzt/damals/zu jener Zeit/zur letzten Woche

14)

up to — (comparable with)

be up to expectation[s] — den Erwartungen entsprechen

his last opera is not up to his others — seine neueste Oper reicht an seine früheren nicht heran

15)

up to — (capable of)

[not] be/feel up to something — einer Sache (Dat.) [nicht] gewachsen sein/sich einer Sache (Dat.) [nicht] gewachsen fühlen

[not] be/feel up to doing something — [nicht] in der Lage sein/sich nicht in der Lage fühlen, etwas zu tun

not be up to much — nicht viel taugen

16)

up to — (derog.): (doing)

be up to something — etwas anstellen (ugs.)

what is he up to? — was hat er [bloß] vor?

17)

it is [not] up to somebody to do something — (somebody's duty) es ist [nicht] jemandes Sache, etwas zu tun

it is up to us to help them — es ist unsere Pflicht, ihnen zu helfen

now it's up to him to do something — nun liegt es bei od. an ihm, etwas zu tun

it's/that's up to you — (is for you to decide) es/das hängt von dir ab; (concerns only you) es/das ist deine Sache

18) (close)

up against somebody/something — an jemandem/etwas [lehnen]; an jemanden/etwas [stellen]

sit up against the wall — mit dem Rücken zur od. an der Wand sitzen

19) (confronted by)

be up against a problem/difficulty — etc. (coll.) vor einem Problem/einer Schwierigkeit usw. stehen

be up against a tough opponent — es mit einem harten Gegner zu tun haben

be up against it — in großen Schwierigkeiten stecken

20)

up and down — (upwards and downwards) hinauf und hinunter; (to and fro) auf und ab

be up and down — (coll.): (variable) Hochs und Tiefs haben

21) (facing upwards)

‘this side/way up’ — (on box etc.) "[hier] oben"

turn something this/the other side/way up — diese/die andere Seite einer Sache nach oben drehen

the right/wrong way up — richtig/verkehrt od. falsch herum

22) (finished, at an end) abgelaufen

time is up — die Zeit ist abgelaufen
2. preposition
1) (upwards along, from bottom to top) rauf (bes. ugs.); herauf/hinauf (bes. schriftsprachlich)

walk up something — etwas hinaufgehen

up hill and down dale — bergauf und bergab

2) (upwards through)

force a liquid up a pipe — eine Flüssigkeit durch eine Röhre nach oben pressen

3) (upwards over)

up something — etwas (Akk.) hinauf

ivy grew up the wall — Efeu wuchs die Mauer hinauf

4) (along)

come up the street — die Straße herauf- od. entlangkommen

walk up and down the platform — auf dem Bahnsteig auf und ab gehen

5) (at or in higher position in or on) [weiter] oben

further up the ladder/coast — weiter oben auf der Leiter/an der Küste

6) (from bottom to top along)

up the side of a house — an der Seite eines Hauses hinauf
3. adjective
1) (directed upwards) aufwärts führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach oben; nach oben gerichtet [Kolbenhub]

up train/line — (Railw.) Zug/Gleis Richtung Stadt

2) (well-informed)

be up in a subject/on the news — in einem Fach auf der Höhe [der Zeit] sein/über alle Neuigkeiten Bescheid wissen od. gut informiert sein

3) (coll.): (ready)

tea['s]/grub['s] up! — Tee/Essen ist fertig!

4) (coll.): (amiss)

what's up? — was ist los? (ugs.)

something is up — irgendwas ist los (ugs.)
4. noun in pl.
the ups and downs — (lit. or fig.) das Auf und Ab; (fig.) die Höhen und Tiefen
5. intransitive verb,
- pp- (coll.)

up and leave/resign — einfach abhauen (ugs.) /kündigen

he ups and says... — da sagt er doch [ur]plötzlich...
6. transitive verb,
- pp- (coll.) (increase) erhöhen; (raise up) heben

* * *

adv.

auf adv.

aufwärts adv.

hinauf adv.

hoch adj.

oben adv. prep.

auf präp.

English-german dictionary > up
17 spare

speə
1. verb
1) (to manage without: No-one can be spared from this office.) prescindir, pasar sin

2) (to afford or set aside for a purpose: I can't spare the time for a holiday.) disponer de

3) (to treat with mercy; to avoid injuring etc: `Spare us!' they begged.) perdonar

4) (to avoid causing grief, trouble etc to (a person): Break the news gently in order to spare her as much as possible.) evitar

5) (to avoid using, spending etc: He spared no expense in his desire to help us.) escatimar

6) (to avoid troubling (a person with something); to save (a person trouble etc): I answered the letter myself in order to spare you the bother.) evitar

2. adjective
1) (extra; not actually being used: We haven't a spare (bed) room for guests in our house.) de repuesto, de sobra

2) ((of time etc) free for leisure etc: What do you do in your spare time?) libre

3. noun
1) (a spare part (for a car etc): They sell spares at that garage.) pieza de recambio, pieza de repuesto

2) (an extra wheel etc, kept for emergencies.) rueda de recambio

•

- sparing
- sparingly
- spare part
- spare rib
- and to spare
- to spare

spare¹ adj

1. de repuesto / de recambio

a spare wheel una rueda de repuesto

2. de sobra / sobrante / de más

have you got a spare ticket? ¿tienes una entrada de más? / ¿te sobra una entrada?

spare² vb

1. dar / dejar / tener

can you spare me £10? ¿me puedes dar diez libras?

can you spare me five minutes? ¿tienes cinco minutos?

2. perdonar

they spared his life le perdonaron la vida

... to spare... de sobra

we have lots of time to spare tenemos tiempo de sobra

spare

tr[speə^SMALLr/SMALL]

adjective

1 (reserve) de repuesto; (free) libre; (extra) de sobra

■ a spare key una llave de repuesto

■ the spare room el cuarto de los invitados

■ a spare moment un momento libre

■ we've got a spare ticket tenemos una entrada de sobra

■ have you got any spare change? ¿tienes algo suelto?

2 (thin, lean) enjuto,-a

noun

1 (spare part) recambio, repuesto

transitive verb

1 (do without) prescindir de, pasar sin

■ we can't spare anyone today no podemos prescindir de nadie hoy

■ can you spare a few coins? ¿te sobran algunas monedas?

■ I can't spare the time no tengo tiempo

■ can you spare me five minutes? ¿tienes cinco minutos?, ¿puedes dedicarme cinco minutos?

2 (begrudge) escatimar

■ no expense was spared no repararon en gastos

■ no trouble was spared no escatimaron esfuerzos

3 (save, relieve) ahorrar, evitar

■ I wanted to spare myself the trouble quería ahorrarme la molestia

■ spare me the gory details ahórrate los detalles escabrosos

4 literal (not harm, not kill, show mercy) perdonar

■ we prayed that his life might be spared rogamos para que le perdonaran la vida

■ he tried to spare her feelings procuró no herir sus sentimientos

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to go spare (become angry) cabrearse, enloquecer 2 (be leftover) sobrar

to spare de sobra

■ have you got any bread to spare? ¿tienes algo de pan de sobra?

to spare a thought for somebody pensar un momento en alguien

to spare somebody's blushes ahorrarle un bochorno a alguien, no hacer que alguien pase vergüenza

spare part (pieza de) recambio, pieza de repuesta

spare time tiempo libre

spare tyre (wheel) rueda de recambio 2 (stomach) michelín nombre masculino

spare wheel rueda de recambio

spare ['spær] vt, spared ; sparing

1) : perdonar

to spare someone's life: perdonarle la vida a alguien

2) save: ahorrar, evitar

I'll spare you the trouble: le evitaré la molestia

3) : prescindir de

I can't spare her: no puedo prescindir de ella

can you spare a dollar?: ¿me das un dólar?

4) stint: escatimar

they spared no expense: no repararon en gastos

5)

to spare : de sobra

spare adj

1) : de repuesto, de recambio

spare tire: llanta de repuesto

2) excess: de más, de sobra

spare time: tiempo libre

3) lean: delgado

spare n or spare part : repuesto m, recambio m

spare

adj.

• descarnado, -a adj.

• desocupado, -a adj.

• disponible adj.

• enjuto, -a adj.

• libre adj.

• sobrante adj.

• sobrero, -a adj.

• suelto, -a adj.

n.

• pieza de recambio s.f.

• recambio s.m.

• repuesto s.m.

v.

• ahorrar v.

• economizar v.

• escasear v.

• evitar v.

I sper, speə(r)
adjective

a) ( not in use) de más

have you got a spare umbrella you could lend me? — ¿tienes un paraguas de más que me puedas prestar?

have you got any spare paper o (BrE also) any paper spare? — ¿tienes un poco de papel que no te haga falta?

to go spare — (BrE colloq) ( become distraught) enloquecerse*, volverse* loco; (lit: be available) sobrar

b) ( in case of need) (before n) <key/cartridge> de repuesto

c) ( free) libre

if you've got a spare minute — si tienes un minuto (libre)

II

noun

a) ( reserve)

I'll take a spare just in case — llevaré uno de repuesto por si acaso

b) spares pl ( spare parts) (BrE) repuestos mpl or (Méx) refacciones fpl

III

transitive verb

1)

a) ( do without)

can you spare your dictionary for a moment? — ¿me permites el diccionario un momento, si no lo necesitas?

if you can spare the time — si tienes or dispones de tiempo

b) ( give)

to spare (somebody) something: can you spare me a pound? ¿tienes una libra que me prestes/des?; can you spare me a few minutes? ¿tienes unos minutos?; to spare a thought for somebody — pensar* un momento en alguien

c)

to spare — (as adj)

there's food to spare — hay comida de sobra

have you got a few minutes to spare? — ¿tienes unos minutos?

we arrived at the station with half an hour to spare — llegamos a la estación con media hora de anticipación

2)

a) (keep from using, stint) (usu neg)

to spare no effort — no escatimar esfuerzos

to spare no expense — no reparar en gastos

b) (save, relieve)

to spare somebody something — \<\<trouble/embarrassment\>\> ahorrarle algo a alguien

spare me the details — ahórrate los detalles

c) (show mercy, consideration toward) perdonar

to spare somebody's life — perdonarle la vida a alguien

to spare somebody's feelings — no herir* los sentimientos de alguien

[spɛǝ(r)]
1. ADJ

1) (=extra) de más, de sobra; (=reserve) de reserva; (=free) libre

there's a spare blanket if you're cold — hay una manta de más or de sobra si tienes frío

take a spare pair of socks — llévate otro par de calcetines

I keep a spare pair of glasses — guardo unas gafas de reserva

I leave a spare key with the neighbours — dejo una llave de reserva en casa de los vecinos

I always keep a bit of spare cash for emergencies — siempre guardo un poco de dinero extra para emergencias

is there a seat spare? — ¿queda algún asiento libre?

is there any milk spare? — ¿queda leche?

have you got a spare jacket I could borrow? — ¿tienes otra chaqueta para prestarme?

I do it whenever I get a spare moment — lo hago cuando tengo un momento libre

spare time — tiempo m libre

• to go spare * — (=be available) sobrar, quedar; (Brit) (=get angry) ponerse como loco *

there are two tickets going spare — quedan or sobran dos entradas

the boss will go spare when he finds out — el jefe se pondrá como loco cuando se entere *

2) (=lean) [body, build] enjuto liter

3) (=sparse) liter austero, sobrio

2. N

1) (gen)

always carry a spare in case you have a puncture — lleve siempre una rueda de recambio or repuesto por si tiene un pinchazo

I've lost my toothbrush and I don't have a spare — he perdido el cepillo de dientes y no tengo otro

2) (also: spare part) (pieza f de) recambio m, (pieza f de) repuesto m, refacción f (Mex)

3. VT

1) (=make available)

can you spare the time? — ¿dispones del tiempo?, ¿tienes tiempo?

it's good of you to spare the time — es muy amable de su parte dedicarme (este) tiempo

I can spare you five minutes — le puedo conceder or dedicar cinco minutos

• to spare a thought for sb — pensar un momento en algn

2) (=do without)

can you spare this for a moment? — ¿me puedo llevar esto un momento?

if you can spare it — si no lo vas a necesitar

we can't spare him now — ahora no podemos prescindir de él

• we completed the job with three days to spare — terminamos el trabajo con tres días de antelación

I arrived at the station with two minutes/time to spare — llegué a la estación con dos minutos de antelación/con tiempo de sobra

there's enough and to spare — basta y sobra, hay más que suficiente para todos

3) (=be grudging with)

she spared no effort in helping me — no escatimó esfuerzos para ayudarme

they spared no expense in refurbishing the house — no repararon en or escatimaron gastos a la hora de renovar la casa

- spare the rod, spoil the child

4) (=show mercy to) perdonar

the fire spared nothing — el incendio no perdonó nada

• to spare sb's feelings — no herir los sentimientos de algn

• to spare sb's life — perdonar la vida a algn

5) (=save) ahorrar, evitar

• I'll spare you the gory details — me ahorraré los detalles escabrosos, te evitaré los detalles escabrosos

• to spare sb the trouble of doing sth — ahorrar or evitar a algn la molestia de hacer algo

I could have spared myself the trouble — podía haberme ahorrado or evitado la molestia
blush 1., 1)
4.

CPD

spare bedroom N — cuarto m de invitados, habitación f de invitados

spare part N — (pieza f de) repuesto m, (pieza f de) recambio m, refacción f (Mex)

spare room N — cuarto m de invitados, cuarto m para las visitas

spare tyre, spare tire (US) N — (Aut) neumático m de recambio, llanta f de recambio (LAm); (Brit) hum michelín m

spare wheel N — (Aut) rueda f de repuesto or recambio

* * *

I [sper, speə(r)]
adjective

a) ( not in use) de más

have you got a spare umbrella you could lend me? — ¿tienes un paraguas de más que me puedas prestar?

have you got any spare paper o (BrE also) any paper spare? — ¿tienes un poco de papel que no te haga falta?

to go spare — (BrE colloq) ( become distraught) enloquecerse*, volverse* loco; (lit: be available) sobrar

b) ( in case of need) (before n) <key/cartridge> de repuesto

c) ( free) libre

if you've got a spare minute — si tienes un minuto (libre)

II

noun

a) ( reserve)

I'll take a spare just in case — llevaré uno de repuesto por si acaso

b) spares pl ( spare parts) (BrE) repuestos mpl or (Méx) refacciones fpl

III

transitive verb

1)

a) ( do without)

can you spare your dictionary for a moment? — ¿me permites el diccionario un momento, si no lo necesitas?

if you can spare the time — si tienes or dispones de tiempo

b) ( give)

to spare (somebody) something: can you spare me a pound? ¿tienes una libra que me prestes/des?; can you spare me a few minutes? ¿tienes unos minutos?; to spare a thought for somebody — pensar* un momento en alguien

c)

to spare — (as adj)

there's food to spare — hay comida de sobra

have you got a few minutes to spare? — ¿tienes unos minutos?

we arrived at the station with half an hour to spare — llegamos a la estación con media hora de anticipación

2)

a) (keep from using, stint) (usu neg)

to spare no effort — no escatimar esfuerzos

to spare no expense — no reparar en gastos

b) (save, relieve)

to spare somebody something — \<\<trouble/embarrassment\>\> ahorrarle algo a alguien

spare me the details — ahórrate los detalles

c) (show mercy, consideration toward) perdonar

to spare somebody's life — perdonarle la vida a alguien

to spare somebody's feelings — no herir* los sentimientos de alguien

English-spanish dictionary > spare
18 cut

1.
[kʌt]transitive verb, -tt-, cut

1) (penetrate, wound) schneiden

cut one's finger/leg — sich (Dat. od. Akk.) in den Finger/ins Bein schneiden

he cut himself on broken glass — er hat sich an einer Glasscherbe geschnitten

the remark cut him to the quick — (fig.) die Bemerkung traf ihn ins Mark

2) (divide) (with knife) schneiden; durchschneiden [Seil]; (with axe) durchhacken

cut something in half/two/three — etwas halbieren/zweiteilen/dreiteilen

cut one's ties or links — alle Verbindungen abbrechen

cut no ice with somebody — (fig. coll.) keinen Eindruck auf jemanden machen

3) (detach, reduce) abschneiden; schneiden, stutzen [Hecke]; mähen [Getreide, Gras]

cut (p.p.) flowers — Schnittblumen

cut one's nails — sich (Dat.) die Nägel schneiden

4) (shape, fashion) schleifen [Glas, Edelstein, Kristall]; hauen, schlagen [Stufen]

cut a key — einen Schlüssel feilen od. anfertigen

cut figures in wood/stone — Figuren aus Holz schnitzen/aus Stein hauen

5) (meet and cross) [Straße, Linie, Kreis:] schneiden

6) (fig.): (renounce, refuse to recognize) schneiden

7) (carve) [auf]schneiden [Fleisch, Geflügel]; abschneiden [Scheibe]

8) (reduce) senken [Preise]; verringern, einschränken [Menge, Produktion]; mindern [Qualität]; kürzen [Ausgaben, Lohn]; verkürzen [Arbeitszeit, Urlaub]; abbauen [Arbeitsplätze]; (cease, stop) einstellen [Dienstleistungen, Lieferungen]; abstellen [Strom]

9) (absent oneself from) schwänzen [Schule, Unterricht]

10)

cut one's losses — höherem Verlust vorbeugen

11)

cut something short — (lit. or fig.): (interrupt, terminate) etwas abbrechen

cut somebody short — jemanden unterbrechen; (impatiently) jemandem ins Wort fallen

to cut a long story short — der langen Rede kurzer Sinn

12) (Cards) abheben

13)

cut a tooth — einen Zahn bekommen

14)

be cut and dried — genau festgelegt od. abgesprochen sein

15) (Computing)

cut and paste — ausschneiden und einfügen
2. intransitive verb,
-tt-, cut

1) [Messer, Schwert usw.:] schneiden; [Papier, Tuch, Käse:] sich schneiden lassen

cut both ways — (fig.) ein zweischneidiges Schwert sein (fig.)

2) (cross, intersect) sich schneiden

3) (pass)

cut through or across the field/park — [quer] über das Feld/durch den Park gehen

4) (Cinemat.) (stop the cameras) abbrechen; (go quickly to another shot) überblenden (to zu)
3. noun
1) (act of cutting) Schnitt, der

2) (stroke, blow) (with knife) Schnitt, der; (with sword, whip) Hieb, der; (injury) Schnittwunde, die

3) (reduction) (in wages, expenditure, budget) Kürzung, die; (in prices) Senkung, die; (in working hours, holiday, etc.) Verkürzung, die; (in services) Verringerung, die; (in production, output, etc.) Einschränkung, die

4) (of meat) Stück, das

5) (coll.): (commission, share) Anteil, der

6) (of hair): (style) [Haar]schnitt, der; (of clothes) Schnitt, der

7) (in play, book, etc.) Streichung, die; (in film) Schnitt, der

make cuts — Streichungen/Schnitte vornehmen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/98633/cut_away">cut away

- cut back

- cut down

- cut in

- cut off

- cut out

- cut up

* * *
1. present participle - cutting; verb
1) (to make an opening in, usually with something with a sharp edge: He cut the paper with a pair of scissors.) schneiden

2) (to separate or divide by cutting: She cut a slice of bread; The child cut out the pictures; She cut up the meat into small pieces.) aus-, abschneiden

3) (to make by cutting: She cut a hole in the cloth.) schneiden

4) (to shorten by cutting; to trim: to cut hair; I'll cut the grass.) schneiden

5) (to reduce: They cut my wages by ten per cent.) kürzen

6) (to remove: They cut several passages from the film.) schneiden

7) (to wound or hurt by breaking the skin (of): I cut my hand on a piece of glass.) schneiden

8) (to divide (a pack of cards).) abheben

9) (to stop: When the actress said the wrong words, the director ordered `Cut!') `Schnitt`

10) (to take a short route or way: He cut through/across the park on his way to the office; A van cut in in front of me on the motorway.) abkürzen

11) (to meet and cross (a line or geometrical figure): An axis cuts a circle in two places.) schneiden

12) (to stay away from (a class, lecture etc): He cut school and went to the cinema.) schwänzen

13) ((also cut dead) to ignore completely: She cut me dead in the High Street.) schneiden
2. noun
1) (the result of an act of cutting: a cut on the head; a power-cut (= stoppage of electrical power); a haircut; a cut in prices.) der Schnitt

2) (the way in which something is tailored, fashioned etc: the cut of the jacket.) der Schnitt

3) (a piece of meat cut from an animal: a cut of beef.) das Stück

•

- cutter
- cutting 3. adjective
(insulting or offending: a cutting remark.) scharf

- cut glass
- cut-price
- cut-throat 4. adjective
(fierce; ruthless: cut-throat business competition.) halsabschneiderisch, mörderisch

- a cut above
- cut and dried
- cut back
- cut both ways
- cut a dash
- cut down
- cut in
- cut it fine
- cut no ice
- cut off
- cut one's losses
- cut one's teeth
- cut out
- cut short
* * *

cut

[kʌt]

I. NOUN

1. (act) Schnitt m

to make a \cut [in sth] [in etw akk] einen Einschnitt machen

2. (slice) of meat Stück nt; of bread Scheibe f, Schnitte f

sirloin is the most expensive \cut of beef die Lende ist das teuerste Stück vom Rind

cold \cuts Aufschnitt m

3. (trim) Schnitt m

her hair was in need of a \cut ihre Haare mussten geschnitten werden

4. (fit) [Zu]schnitt m; of shirt, trousers Schnitt m

5. (wound) Schnittwunde f, Schnitt m

deep \cut tiefe Schnittwunde

to get a \cut sich akk schneiden

where'd you get that \cut? wo hast du dich denn da geschnitten? fam

6. (insult) Beleidigung f (at für + akk)

7. also FIN ( fam: due, share) [An]teil m

when am I going to get my \cut? wann bekomme ich meinen Anteil? m

8. (decrease) Senkung f, Herabsetzung f

\cut in emissions Abgasreduzierung f

\cut in interest rates Zinssenkung f

\cut in prices Preissenkung f, Ermäßigung f

\cut in production Produktionseinschränkung f

\cut in staff Personalabbau m

to take a \cut eine Kürzung hinnehmen

he took a \cut in salary er nahm eine Gehaltskürzung hin

many people have had to take a \cut in their living standards viele Menschen mussten sich mit einer Einschränkung ihres Lebensstandards abfinden

9. (less spending)

▪ \cuts pl Kürzungen pl, Streichungen pl

budget \cuts Haushaltskürzungen pl

to make \cuts in the budget Abstriche am Etat machen

10. (abridgement) Schnitt m, Streichung f

to make a \cut in a film eine Szene aus einem Film herausschneiden

to make \cuts Streichungen vornehmen

11. AM (truancy) Schwänzen nt kein pl fam

to have a \cut schwänzen fam

12. SPORT

to give the ball a \cut den Ball anschneiden

13.

▶ to be a \cut above sb/sth jdm/etw um einiges überlegen sein

▶ the \cut and thrust of sth das Spannungsfeld einer S. gen

II. ADJECTIVE

1. (removed) abgeschnitten; (sliced) bread [auf]geschnitten

\cut flowers Schnittblumen pl

2. (fitted) glass, jewel geschliffen

III. INTERJECTION

FILM

\cut! Schnitt!

IV. TRANSITIVE VERB

<-tt-, cut, cut>

1. (slice)

▪ to \cut sth etw schneiden

did you already \cut some bread? hast du schon etwas Brot aufgeschnitten?

to \cut a hole in sth ein Loch in etw akk schneiden

to \cut sth to pieces [or shreds] etw zerstückeln

to \cut sth in[to] several pieces etw in mehrere Teile zerschneiden

how can I \cut this cake in two pieces? wie kann ich diesen Kuchen halbieren?

to \cut sb/sth free jdn/etw losschneiden; (from wreck) jdn/etw herausschneiden

to \cut sth loose etw losschneiden

to \cut sth open etw aufschneiden

▪ to \cut sb sth [or sth for sb] jdm [o für jdn] etw schneiden

could you \cut me a slice of bread? könntest du mir eine Scheibe Brot abschneiden?

▪ to \cut sth with sth etw mit etw dat schneiden

2. (sever)

▪ to \cut sth etw durchschneiden

she nearly \cut an artery with the new hedge-trimmer sie durchtrennte fast eine Arterie mit der neuen elektrischen Heckenschere

3. (trim)

▪ to \cut sth etw [ab]schneiden

to \cut one's fingernails sich dat die Fingernägel schneiden

to \cut flowers Blumen abschneiden

to \cut the grass den Rasen mähen

to \cut sb's hair jdm die Haare schneiden

to have [or get] one's hair \cut sich dat die Haare schneiden lassen

4. (injure)

▪ to \cut oneself/sb [with sth] sich/jdn [mit etw dat] schneiden

I've \cut my hand on that glass ich habe mir die Hand an diesem Glas geschnitten

he \cut his head open er hat sich den Kopf aufgeschlagen

5. (clear)

▪ to \cut sth road, tunnel etw bauen; ditch, trench etw graben

they're planning to \cut a road right through the forest sie planen, eine Straße mitten durch den Wald zu schlagen

to \cut a swath through sth eine Bahn durch etw akk schneiden

6. (decrease)

▪ to \cut sth etw senken [o herabsetzen] [o reduzieren]

they should \cut class sizes to 30 die Klassengröße sollte auf 30 Schüler verringert werden

to \cut costs die Kosten senken

to \cut one's losses weitere Verluste vermeiden

to \cut overtime die Überstunden reduzieren

to \cut prices die Preise herabsetzen [o senken]

to \cut wages die Löhne kürzen

▪ to \cut sth by sth etw um etw akk kürzen [o reduzieren]

our company is \cutting its workforce by 20% unsere Firma baut 20 % ihres Personals ab

7. (break)

▪ to \cut sth etw unterbrechen

they \cut our supply lines sie schnitten uns unsere Versorgungslinien ab

8. (abridge)

to \cut a film einen Film kürzen

to \cut short ⇆ sth etw abbrechen; (interrupt)

to \cut sb short jdn unterbrechen, jdm ins Wort fallen

9. (remove)

to be \cut from the team aus dem Team entfernt werden

to \cut a scene in a film eine Szene aus einem Film herausschneiden

10. (miss)

▪ to \cut sth etw auslassen

she decided to \cut some of her meetings sie entschied sich, einige ihrer Treffen nicht wahrzunehmen

to \cut a class [or lesson] /school eine [Unterrichts]stunde/die Schule schwänzen fam

11. (turn off)

to \cut the motor [or engine] den Motor abstellen

12. ( fam: desist from)

▪ to \cut sth behaviour etw [unter]lassen

to \cut the cackle BRIT, AUS ( hum) auf den Punkt kommen

to \cut the crap (sl) mit der Scheiße aufhören derb

13. (shape)

to \cut a diamond einen Diamanten schleifen

14. AUTO

to \cut a corner [too sharply] eine Kurve [zu scharf] schneiden

15. (teethe)

to \cut a tooth einen Zahn bekommen, zahnen

16. CARDS

to \cut the cards die Karten abheben

17. MUS

to \cut a record/CD eine Platte/CD aufnehmen

18. COMPUT

to \cut and paste sth etw ausschneiden und einfügen

19. MATH

▪ to \cut sth etw schneiden

20. SPORT

to \cut the ball den Ball [an]schneiden

21.

▶ to \cut capers ( dated) Luftsprünge machen

▶ to \cut the cheese AM ( fam) einen fahrenlassen derb

▶ you should \cut your coat according to your cloth BRIT ( prov) man muss sich akk nach der Decke strecken prov

▶ to \cut corners schnell und kostengünstig arbeiten

▶ to \cut sb dead jdn schneiden

today in the store Martha \cut me dead heute im Supermarkt hat Martha mich keines Blickes gewürdigt

▶ to \cut a fine [or quite a] figure [or BRIT dash] ( dated) eine gute Figur machen

▶ to \cut it [or things] [a bit] fine [or close] [ein bisschen] knapp kalkulieren

▶ to \cut the ground from under sb's feet jdm den Boden unter den Füßen wegziehen

▶ to \cut no [or very little] ice with sb keinen Eindruck auf jdn machen

▶ to [not] \cut it [or AM also the mustard] [k]ein hohes Niveau erreichen

▶ to \cut off one's nose to spite one's face sich akk ins eigene Fleisch schneiden

▶ to \cut sb to the quick [or heart] jdn ins Mark treffen

▶ to be \cut from the same cloth aus dem gleichen Holz geschnitzt sein

▶ to \cut sb some slack AM mit jdm nachsichtig sein

▶ to \cut a long story short der langen Rede kurzer Sinn, um es kurzzumachen

▶ to \cut one's teeth [or eye-teeth] [on sth] sich dat die ersten Sporen [mit etw dat] verdienen

▶ to be so thick that you can \cut it with a knife zum Zerreißen gespannt sein

the tension was so thick in the air that you could \cut it with a knife die Atmosphäre war zum Zerreißen gespannt

V. INTRANSITIVE VERB

<-tt-, cut, cut>

1. (slice) knife schneiden

2. (slice easily) material sich akk schneiden lassen

3. (take short cut)

to \cut over a field eine Abkürzung über ein Feld nehmen

4. CARDS abheben

to \cut for dealer den Geber auslosen

5. AM ( fam: push in)

to \cut [in line] sich akk vordrängeln

to \cut in front of sb sich akk vor jdn drängeln

no \cutting! nicht drängeln!

6. COMPUT

to \cut and paste ausschneiden und einfügen

7. (withdraw)

▪ to \cut loose from sth sich akk von etw dat trennen

8.

▶ to \cut both [or two] ways eine zweischneidige Sache sein

▶ to \cut to the chase AM ( fam) auf den Punkt kommen

▶ to \cut loose AM, AUS alle Hemmungen verlieren

she really \cuts loose when she dances sie tobt sich beim Tanzen richtig aus

▶ to \cut and run Reißaus nehmen, sich akk aus dem Staub machen

* * *

cut [kʌt]

A s

1. a) Schnitt m

b) Schnittwunde f

2. Hieb m:

cut and thrust

a) (Fechten) Hieb und Stoß m,

b) fig (feindseliges) Hin und Her, Widerstreit m;

rhetorical cut and thrust Wortgefecht n

3. fig Stich m, (Seiten)Hieb m, Bosheit f

4. umg Schneiden n:

give sb the cut direct jemanden ostentativ schneiden

5. (Spaten) Stich m

6. (Haar) Schnitt m

7. TECH Ein-, Anschnitt m, Kerbe f

8. TECH Schnittfläche f

9. TECH Schrot m/n

10. a) Einschnitt m, Durchstich m (im Gelände)

b) Graben m

11. Schnitte f, Stück n (besonders Fleisch):

cold cuts pl Aufschnitt m

12. US umg Imbiss m

13. umg Anteil m (of, in an dat):

my cut is 20%

14. besonders US

a) Mahd f (Gras)

b) Schlag m (Holz)

c) Schur f (Wolle)

15. FILM, TV Schnitt m

16. FILM, RADIO, TV: scharfe Überblendung, Schnitt m

17. Abkürzung(sweg) f(m), direkter Weg

18. Tennis etc: Schnitt m

19. Stück n, Länge f (von Stoff, Tuch)

20. (Zu)Schnitt m, Fasson f (besonders von Kleidung)

21. Schnitt m, Schliff m (von Edelsteinen)

22. fig Art f, Schlag m:

of quite a different cut aus ganz anderem Holz geschnitzt

23. Gesichtsschnitt m

24. umg (soziale etc) Stufe:

a cut above eine Stufe höher als

25. TYPO

a) (Kupfer) Stich m

b) Druckstock m

c) Klischee n

26. Holzschnitt m

27. (modischer) Schlitz (im Kleid)

28. Streichung f, Auslassung f, Kürzung f (in einem Buch etc)

29. WIRTSCH Kürzung f, Senkung f:

cut in prices Preissenkung oder -herabsetzung f;

cut in salary Gehaltskürzung

30. SCHULE, UNIV umg Schwänzen n

31. Kartenspiel:

a) Abheben n

b) abgehobene Karte(n pl)

32. umg Strohhalm m (zum Losen):

draw cuts Strohhalme ziehen, losen

33. Golf: Cut m (maximale Schlagzahl, mit der sich ein Spieler für die letzten beiden Runden eines Turniers qualifiziert):

make the cut den Cut schaffen

B adj

1. beschnitten, (zu)geschnitten, gestutzt, gespalten, zersägt:

cut flowers Schnittblumen;

cut glass geschliffenes Glas

2. BOT (ein)gekerbt

3. gemeißelt, geschnitzt, behauen

4. verschnitten, kastriert:

a cut horse ein Wallach

5. WIRTSCH herabgesetzt, ermäßigt (Preise)

6. Br sl blau, besoffen

C v/t prät und pperf cut

1. (be-, zer)schneiden, ab-, durchschneiden, einen Schnitt machen in (akk):

cut sb sth jemandem etwas abschneiden;

cut to pieces zerstückeln;

cut one’s teeth Zähne bekommen, zahnen; → cable A 1, eyetooth

2. abhacken, abschneiden, absägen, SCHIFF kappen:

cut a book ein Buch aufschneiden;

cut coal Kohle(n) hauen;

cut grass Gras mähen;

cut trees Bäume fällen;

cut turf Rasen stechen;

cut wood Holz hacken

3. eine Hecke etc (be)schneiden, stutzen:

cut sb’s hair jemandem die Haare schneiden; → story¹ 4

4. eine Schnittwunde beibringen (dat), verletzen:

cut one’s finger sich in den Finger schneiden;

he cut himself on the lid er schnitt sich am Deckel

5. schlagen:

cut a horse with a whip

6. Tiere kastrieren, verschneiden

7. ein Kleid, einen Teppich etc zuschneiden, etwas zurechtschneiden, einen Schlüssel anfertigen, einen Braten vorschneiden oder zerlegen

8. einen Stein behauen, Glas, Edelsteine schleifen

9. (ein)schnitzen, einschneiden, -ritzen

10. einen Weg ausgraben, -hauen, einen Graben stechen, einen Tunnel bohren:

cut one’s way sich einen Weg bahnen

11. AGR Land umackern, pflügen

12. MATH etc durchschneiden, kreuzen

13. AUTO

a) eine Kurve schneiden: → corner A 1

b) ein Verkehrszeichen etc überfahren

14. einen Text etc, auch einen Betrag etc kürzen, beschneiden, zusammenstreichen (to auf akk):

cut film einen Film schneiden;

cut the wages die Löhne kürzen;

cut production die Produktion einschränken oder drosseln; → bone¹ A 1

15. WIRTSCH die Preise herabsetzen, senken

16. die Geschwindigkeit herabsetzen, verringern

17. cut one’s losses WIRTSCH weiteren (finanziellen) Verlusten vorbeugen

18. a) CHEM, TECH verdünnen, auflösen

b) umg verwässern

19. TECH abstoßen, Metall, auch Gewinde schneiden, beschroten, fräsen, scheren, schleifen

20. ELEK, TEL eine Verbindung trennen

21. ELEK, AUTO, TECH

a) den Motor etc ab-, ausschalten

b) den Motor drosseln

22. FILM, RADIO, TV: abbrechen

23. (auf Tonband etc) mitschneiden

24. fig eine Verbindung abbrechen, aufgeben

25. fig

a) betrüben:

it cut him to the heart es tat ihm in der Seele weh, es schnitt ihm ins Herz

b) jemandem wehtun, jemanden kränken

26. umg jemanden schneiden:

cut sb dead jemanden völlig ignorieren

27. SCHULE, UNIV umg eine Stunde etc schwänzen

28. Karten abheben

29. Tennis etc: den Ball (an)schneiden

30. umg Gewinne teilen

31. SPORT einen Rekord brechen

32. → cut out A 9

D v/i

1. schneiden (in, into in akk), bohren, hauen, sägen, stechen:

the knife doesn’t cut das Messer schneidet nicht;

it cuts both ways fig

a) es ist ein zweischneidiges Schwert,

b) das gilt für beide Teile (gleichermaßen)

2. einschneiden, drücken (Kragen etc)

3. sich (gut etc) schneiden lassen

4. durchbrechen (Zähne)

5. (auf dem kürzesten Wege) hindurchgehen, den kürzesten Weg einschlagen

6. umg

a) rasen, flitzen

b) abhauen:

cut and run Reißaus nehmen

7. wehtun, kränken

8. Kartenspiel: abheben

9. SPORT den Ball (an)schneiden

10. FILM etc

a) schneiden, überblenden:

cut to um- oder hinüberblenden zu

b) abbrechen

11. SCHULE, UNIV umg (die Stunde etc) schwänzen

12. MAL stark hervortreten (Farbe)

13. umg die Gewinne teilen

* * *
1.
[kʌt]transitive verb, -tt-, cut

1) (penetrate, wound) schneiden

cut one's finger/leg — sich (Dat. od. Akk.) in den Finger/ins Bein schneiden

he cut himself on broken glass — er hat sich an einer Glasscherbe geschnitten

the remark cut him to the quick — (fig.) die Bemerkung traf ihn ins Mark

2) (divide) (with knife) schneiden; durchschneiden [Seil]; (with axe) durchhacken

cut something in half/two/three — etwas halbieren/zweiteilen/dreiteilen

cut one's ties or links — alle Verbindungen abbrechen

cut no ice with somebody — (fig. coll.) keinen Eindruck auf jemanden machen

3) (detach, reduce) abschneiden; schneiden, stutzen [Hecke]; mähen [Getreide, Gras]

cut (p.p.) flowers — Schnittblumen

cut one's nails — sich (Dat.) die Nägel schneiden

4) (shape, fashion) schleifen [Glas, Edelstein, Kristall]; hauen, schlagen [Stufen]

cut a key — einen Schlüssel feilen od. anfertigen

cut figures in wood/stone — Figuren aus Holz schnitzen/aus Stein hauen

5) (meet and cross) [Straße, Linie, Kreis:] schneiden

6) (fig.): (renounce, refuse to recognize) schneiden

7) (carve) [auf]schneiden [Fleisch, Geflügel]; abschneiden [Scheibe]

8) (reduce) senken [Preise]; verringern, einschränken [Menge, Produktion]; mindern [Qualität]; kürzen [Ausgaben, Lohn]; verkürzen [Arbeitszeit, Urlaub]; abbauen [Arbeitsplätze]; (cease, stop) einstellen [Dienstleistungen, Lieferungen]; abstellen [Strom]

9) (absent oneself from) schwänzen [Schule, Unterricht]

10)

cut one's losses — höherem Verlust vorbeugen

11)

cut something short — (lit. or fig.): (interrupt, terminate) etwas abbrechen

cut somebody short — jemanden unterbrechen; (impatiently) jemandem ins Wort fallen

to cut a long story short — der langen Rede kurzer Sinn

12) (Cards) abheben

13)

cut a tooth — einen Zahn bekommen

14)

be cut and dried — genau festgelegt od. abgesprochen sein

15) (Computing)

cut and paste — ausschneiden und einfügen
2. intransitive verb,
-tt-, cut

1) [Messer, Schwert usw.:] schneiden; [Papier, Tuch, Käse:] sich schneiden lassen

cut both ways — (fig.) ein zweischneidiges Schwert sein (fig.)

2) (cross, intersect) sich schneiden

3) (pass)

cut through or across the field/park — [quer] über das Feld/durch den Park gehen

4) (Cinemat.) (stop the cameras) abbrechen; (go quickly to another shot) überblenden (to zu)
3. noun
1) (act of cutting) Schnitt, der

2) (stroke, blow) (with knife) Schnitt, der; (with sword, whip) Hieb, der; (injury) Schnittwunde, die

3) (reduction) (in wages, expenditure, budget) Kürzung, die; (in prices) Senkung, die; (in working hours, holiday, etc.) Verkürzung, die; (in services) Verringerung, die; (in production, output, etc.) Einschränkung, die

4) (of meat) Stück, das

5) (coll.): (commission, share) Anteil, der

6) (of hair): (style) [Haar]schnitt, der; (of clothes) Schnitt, der

7) (in play, book, etc.) Streichung, die; (in film) Schnitt, der

make cuts — Streichungen/Schnitte vornehmen

Phrasal Verbs:

- cut away

- cut back

- cut down

- cut in

- cut off

- cut out

- cut up

* * *

(injury) n.

Schnittwunde f. adj.

geschnitten adj. n.

Schnitt -e m. (into) v.

einschneiden v. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: cut)

= anschneiden v.

beschneiden v.

kürzen v.

mähen v.

schneiden v.

(§ p.,pp.: schnitt, geschnitten)

English-german dictionary > cut
19 public

1. adjective
öffentlich

public assembly — Volksversammlung, die

a public danger/service — eine Gefahr für die/ein Dienst an der Allgemeinheit

be a matter of public knowledge — allgemein bekannt sein

in the public eye — im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit

make something public — etwas publik (geh.) od. bekannt machen
2. noun, no pl.; constr. as sing. or pl.
1) (the people) Öffentlichkeit, die; Allgemeinheit, die

the general public — die Allgemeinheit; die breite Öffentlichkeit

member of the public — Bürger, der/Bürgerin, die

be open to the public — für den Publikumsverkehr geöffnet sein

2) (section of community) Publikum, das; (author's readers also) Leserschaft, die

the reading public — das Lesepublikum

3)

in public — (publicly) öffentlich; (openly) offen

behave oneself in public — sich in der Öffentlichkeit benehmen

* * *

adjective

(of, for, or concerning, the people (of a community or nation) in general: a public library; a public meeting; Public opinion turned against him; The public announcements are on the back page of the newspaper; This information should be made public and not kept secret any longer.) öffentlich

- academic.ru/58855/publicly">publicly
- publicity
- publicize
- publicise
- public holiday
- public house
- public relations
- public service announcement
- public spirit
- public-spirited
- public transport
- in public
- the public
- public opinion poll
* * *

pub·lic

[ˈpʌblɪk]

I. adj inv

1. (of the people) opinion öffentlich

\public approval allgemeine Zustimmung

in the \public interest im Interesse der Öffentlichkeit

2. (for the people) library öffentlich

\public baths esp BRIT öffentliches Bad

\public institution öffentliche Einrichtung

3. (not private) öffentlich

\public announcement/hearing öffentliche Bekanntmachung/Anhörung

to go \public with sth etw öffentlich bekanntgeben [o bekanntmachen]

to make sth \public etw öffentlich bekanntgeben; (esp in writing) etw veröffentlichen

4. (state) öffentlich, staatlich

\public building öffentliches Gebäude

5. STOCKEX

the company is going \public das Unternehmen wird in eine Aktiengesellschaft umgewandelt

\public offering öffentliches Zeichnungsangebot

\public placing AM öffentliche Platzierung

II. n + sing/pl vb

1. (the people)

▪ the \public die Öffentlichkeit, die Allgemeinheit

a member of the \public jemand aus der Öffentlichkeit

the general \public die allgemeine Öffentlichkeit

the American/British/Canadian \public die amerikanische/britische/kanadische Öffentlichkeit

the Great British P\public BRIT ( hum fam) die breite britische Öffentlichkeit

2. (patrons) Anhängerschaft f; of newspapers Leser(innen) m(f); of TV Zuschauer(innen) m(f), Publikum nt

3. (not in private) Öffentlichkeit f

in \public in der Öffentlichkeit, öffentlich

* * *
['pʌblɪk]
1. adj
support, pressure, subsidy öffentlich; official öffentlich, staatlich
to be public knowledge — allgemein bekannt sein

to become public — publik werden

at public expense — aus öffentlichen Mitteln

public pressure — Druck m der Öffentlichkeit

it's rather public here — es ist nicht gerade privat hier

it's a bit too public here — hier sind (mir) zu viele Leute

he is a public figure or person — er ist eine Persönlichkeit des öffentlichen Lebens

in the public eye — im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit

to make sth public — etw bekannt geben, etw publik machen; (officially) etw öffentlich bekannt machen

in the public interest — im öffentlichen Interesse

to create public awareness — öffentliches Interesse wecken

to go public (Comm) — in eine Aktiengesellschaft umgewandelt werden

2. n sing or pl
Öffentlichkeit f
in public — in der Öffentlichkeit; speak also, agree, admit öffentlich

our/their etc public — unser/ihr etc Publikum

the ( general) public — die (breite) Öffentlichkeit

the viewing public — das Fernsehpublikum, die Zuschauer pl

the reading/sporting public — die lesende/sportinteressierte Öffentlichkeit

the racing public — die Freunde pl des Rennsports

the great American/British public (iro) — die breite amerikanische/britische Öffentlichkeit

* * *

public [ˈpʌblık]

A adj (adv → publicly)

a) öffentlich (stattfindend)

b) öffentlich, allgemein bekannt

c) öffentlich (Einrichtung, Straße etc)

d) Staats…, staatlich:

it’s a bit too public here hier sind (mir) zu viele Leute;

go public sich an die Öffentlichkeit wenden, an die Öffentlichkeit treten ( beide:

with mit); WIRTSCH sich in eine Aktiengesellschaft umwandeln;

make public publik machen, bekannt machen;

public accountant WIRTSCH US Wirtschaftsprüfer(in);

public-address system Lautsprecheranlage f;

over the public-address system über Lautsprecher;

public appearance Auftreten n in der Öffentlichkeit;

make one’s first public appearance zum ersten Mal öffentlich auftreten;

public assistance US Sozialhilfe f;

public bar Br Schankraum m (eines Pubs);

public bill PARL Gesetzesvorlage, die öffentliche Angelegenheiten betrifft;

public (limited) company WIRTSCH Br Aktiengesellschaft f;

public convenience bes Br öffentliche Toilette, Bedürfnisanstalt f;

public corporation öffentlich-rechtliche Körperschaft;

public debt bes US öffentliche Schuld, Staatsschuld f;

public defender JUR US Offizial-, Pflichtverteidiger(in);

public domain US Staatsländereien pl, staatlicher Grundbesitz; (Internet) frei verfügbare Software;

be in the public domain JUR US nicht mehr (durch Copyright od Patent) geschützt sein;

public enemy Staatsfeind(in);

public enterprise staatliches Unternehmertum;

be in the public eye im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit stehen;

public expenditure Ausgaben pl der öffentlichen Hand, Staatsausgaben pl;

at the public expense auf Kosten des Steuerzahlers;

public figure Persönlichkeit f des öffentlichen Lebens;

public finances Staatsfinanzen;

public gallery PARL Zuschauertribüne f;

public health öffentliches Gesundheitswesen;

public health policy Gesundheitspolitik f;

public health service US staatlicher Gesundheitsdienst;

public holiday gesetzlicher Feiertag;

public house Br Gaststätte f;

public information Unterrichtung f der Öffentlichkeit;

be in the public interest im öffentlichen Interesse liegen;

public law öffentliches Recht;

public lending right Anspruch m (eines Autors) auf eine Bibliotheksabgabe;

public library öffentliche Bücherei, Volksbücherei f;

public life das öffentliche Leben;

retire ( oder withdraw) from public life sich ins Privatleben zurückziehen;

public ownership Staatseigentum n (of an dat);

public policy JUR Rechtsordnung f;

against public policy sittenwidrig;

public pressure (der) Druck der Öffentlichkeit;

public purse Staatskasse f;

public relations pl auch als sg konstruiert) Public Relations pl, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit f;

public relations department Public-Relations-Abteilung f;

public relations officer Öffentlichkeitsreferent(in);

public sale öffentliche Versteigerung, Auktion f;

public school Br Public School f (Privatschule der Sekundarstufe mit angeschlossenem Internat); US staatliche Schule;

public sector WIRTSCH öffentlicher Sektor;

public securities WIRTSCH Staatspapiere;

public servant Angestellte(r) m/f(m) im öffentlichen Dienst;

public service öffentlicher Dienst; US Bereitstellung f von Versorgungsdiensten;

public-service corporation US öffentlicher Versorgungsbetrieb;

public spending Ausgaben pl der öffentlichen Hand, Staatsausgaben pl;

public spirit Gemeinsinn m;

public-spirited mit Gemeinsinn (Person), von Gemeinsinn zeugend (Handlung etc);

be public-spirited Gemeinsinn haben;

public transport öffentliches Verkehrswesen; öffentliche Verkehrsmittel pl;

public utility öffentlicher Versorgungsbetrieb;

public works staatliche Bauprojekte; → notary, nuisance 3, opinion 2, prosecutor

B s

1. in public in der Öffentlichkeit, öffentlich

2. (auch als pl konstruiert)

a) (die) Öffentlichkeit:

appear before the public an die Öffentlichkeit treten;

be open to (members of) the public der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich sein;

exclude the public JUR die Öffentlichkeit ausschließen; → general A 3

b) Publikum n, (eines Autors auch) Leserschaft f:

bring sb’s pictures to a large public jemandes Bilder einer breiten Öffentlichkeit bekannt machen

pub. abk

1. public öffentl.

2. publication

3. published

4. publisher

5. publishing

* * *
1. adjective
öffentlich

public assembly — Volksversammlung, die

a public danger/service — eine Gefahr für die/ein Dienst an der Allgemeinheit

be a matter of public knowledge — allgemein bekannt sein

in the public eye — im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit

make something public — etwas publik (geh.) od. bekannt machen
2. noun, no pl.; constr. as sing. or pl.
1) (the people) Öffentlichkeit, die; Allgemeinheit, die

the general public — die Allgemeinheit; die breite Öffentlichkeit

member of the public — Bürger, der/Bürgerin, die

be open to the public — für den Publikumsverkehr geöffnet sein

2) (section of community) Publikum, das; (author's readers also) Leserschaft, die

the reading public — das Lesepublikum

3)

in public — (publicly) öffentlich; (openly) offen

behave oneself in public — sich in der Öffentlichkeit benehmen

* * *

adj.

allgemein adj.

allgemein bekannt adj.

öffentlich adj. n.

Publikum -s n.

Öffentlichkeit f.

English-german dictionary > public
20 wrong

1. adjective
1) (morally bad) unrecht (geh.); (unfair) ungerecht

you were wrong to be so angry — es war nicht richtig von dir, so ärgerlich zu sein

2) (mistaken) falsch

be wrong — [Person:] sich irren

I was wrong about you — ich habe mich in dir geirrt

the clock is wrong — die Uhr geht falsch

the clock is wrong by ten minutes — (fast/slow) die Uhr geht 10 Minuten vor/nach

how wrong can you be or get! — wie man sich irren kann!

3) (not suitable) falsch

give the wrong answer — eine falsche Antwort geben

say/do the wrong thing — das Falsche sagen/tun

be the wrong person for the job — für die Stelle ungeeignet sein

take the wrong turning — falsch abbiegen

get hold of the wrong end of the stick — (fig.) alles völlig falsch verstehen

[the] wrong way round — verkehrt herum

4) (out of order) nicht in Ordnung

there's something wrong here/with him — hier/mit ihm stimmt etwas nicht

there's nothing wrong — es ist alles in Ordnung

what's wrong? — ist etwas nicht in Ordnung? See also academic.ru/121192/wrong_side">wrong side
2. adverb
falsch

get it wrong — es falsch od. verkehrt machen; (misunderstand) sich irren

I got the answer wrong again — meine Antwort war wieder falsch

get somebody wrong — jemanden falsch verstehen

go wrong — (take wrong path) sich verlaufen; (fig.) [Person:] vom rechten Weg abkommen (fig. geh.); [Maschine, Mechanismus:] kaputtgehen (ugs.); [Angelegenheit:] danebengehen (ugs.)
3. noun
Unrecht, das

two wrongs don't make a right — das gibt nur ein Unrecht mehr

do wrong — unrecht tun

she can do no wrong — sie kann überhaupt nichts Unrechtes tun

be in the wrong — im Unrecht sein
4. transitive verb
wrong somebody — jemanden ungerecht behandeln

* * *
[roŋ] 1. adjective
1) (having an error or mistake(s); incorrect: The child gave the wrong answer; We went in the wrong direction.) falsch

2) (incorrect in one's answer(s), opinion(s) etc; mistaken: I thought Singapore was south of the Equator, but I was quite wrong.) falsch

3) (not good, not morally correct etc: It is wrong to steal.) unrecht

4) (not suitable: He's the wrong man for the job.) verkehrt

5) (not right; not normal: There's something wrong with this engine; What's wrong with that child - why is she crying?) nicht in Ordnung
2. adverb
(incorrectly: I think I may have spelt her name wrong.) falsch
3. noun
(that which is not morally correct: He does not know right from wrong.) das Unrecht
4. verb
(to insult or hurt unjustly: You wrong me by suggesting that I'm lying.) Unrecht tun

- wrongful
- wrongfully
- wrongfulness
- wrongly
- wrongdoer
- wrongdoing
- do someone wrong
- do wrong
- do wrong
- go wrong
- in the wrong
* * *

wrong

[rɒŋ, AM rɑ:ŋ]

I. adj inv

1. (not correct) falsch

your clock is \wrong deine Uhr geht falsch

she's \wrong in thinking that... sie liegt falsch, wenn sie denkt, dass...

he's the \wrong person for the job er ist nicht der richtige Mann für diesen Job

I think we're going the \wrong way ich denke, wir sind falsch fam

it's all \wrong das ist völlig verkehrt

this is the \wrong time to... dies ist nicht der richtige Zeitpunkt,...

it is \wrong that you always pay es ist nicht in Ordnung, dass du immer bezahlst

what's \wrong with spending Saturday night in the pub? was ist so falsch daran, den Samstagabend im Pub zu verbringen?

sorry, you've got the \wrong number tut mir leid, Sie haben sich verwählt

who was on the phone? — oh, it was just a \wrong number wer war am Telefon? — oh, da hatte sich nur einer verwählt

she got in with the \wrong crowd at university sie ist an der Universität mit den falschen Leuten zusammengekommen

to get sth \wrong sich akk mit etw dat vertun; (misunderstand) etw falsch verstehen

you can't go \wrong with that type of wine! mit diesem Wein können Sie gar nichts falsch machen!

he got the answer \wrong er hat die falsche Antwort gegeben; MATH er hat sich verrechnet

you got three questions \wrong Sie haben drei Fragen falsch beantwortet

to get sb \wrong jdn falsch verstehen

don't get me \wrong versteh mich bitte nicht falsch

to be proved \wrong widerlegt werden

I thought she couldn't do it, but she proved me \wrong ich dachte, sie könnte es nicht tun, aber sie bewies mir, dass ich Unrecht hatte

▪ to be \wrong about sth sich akk bei etw dat irren

I was \wrong about her ich habe mich in ihr getäuscht

2. pred (amiss)

is there anything \wrong? stimmt etwas nicht?

what's \wrong with you today? was ist denn heute mit dir los?

3. (morally reprehensible) verwerflich geh

it was \wrong of her to... es war nicht richtig von ihr,...

4. pred (not functioning properly)

something's \wrong with the television irgendetwas stimmt mit dem Fernseher nicht

my car's gone \wrong again mein Auto tut mal wieder nicht fam

my computer goes \wrong every time I... mein Computer stürzt jedes Mal ab, wenn ich...

to find out what is \wrong herausfinden, wo der Fehler liegt

5.

▶ to catch sb on the \wrong foot jdn auf dem falschen Fuß erwischen fam

▶ to fall [or get] into the \wrong hands in die falschen Hände geraten

▶ to get out of bed on the \wrong side [or out of the \wrong side of the bed] mit dem linken Fuß zuerst aufstehen

▶ to get hold of the \wrong end of the stick etw in den falschen Hals bekommen fam

▶ to have/put sth on the \wrong way round [or AM around] etw falsch herum anhaben/anziehen

you've got your skirt on the \wrong way around du hast deinen Rock falsch herum an[gezogen]

II. adv inv

1. (incorrectly) falsch

to spell sth \wrong etw falsch buchstabieren

2. (in a morally reprehensible way) falsch

his mother always said he lived \wrong seine Mutter hat immer gesagt, dass er ein verwerfliches Leben führe

3. (amiss)

to go \wrong things schiefgehen fam; people vom rechten Weg abkommen

III. n

1. no pl (moral reprehensibility)

a sense of right and \wrong ein Gespür nt für Recht und Unrecht

to know right from \wrong richtig und falsch unterscheiden können

2. no pl (unjust action) Unrecht nt, Rechtsverletzung f

to do \wrong Unrecht tun

to do sb a \wrong jdm Unrecht zufügen

to do sb no \wrong jdm kein Unrecht tun

to suffer a \wrong Unrecht erleiden

3.

▶ to be in the \wrong (mistaken) sich akk irren; (reprehensible) im Unrecht sein

IV. vt usu passive ( form: treat unjustly)

▪ to \wrong sb jdm Unrecht tun; (judge character unjustly) jdn falsch einschätzen

I \wronged him when I said that he was a fair-weather friend ich habe ihn falsch eingeschätzt, als ich sagte, er sei ein Freund für schöne Stunden

* * *
[rɒŋ]
1. adj

1) falsch

to be wrong — nicht stimmen; (answer also) falsch sein; (person) unrecht haben; (watch) falsch gehen

it's all wrong — das ist völlig verkehrt or falsch

it's all wrong that I should have to... — das ist doch nicht richtig, dass ich... muss

I was wrong about him — ich habe mich in ihm getäuscht or geirrt

you were wrong in thinking he did it — du hast unrecht gehabt, als du dachtest, er sei es gewesen

how wrong can you get! — falscher gehts (wohl) nicht!

I took a wrong turning — ich habe eine verkehrte or falsche Abzweigung genommen

he went in the wrong direction — er ging in die verkehrte or falsche Richtung

this is the wrong train for Bournemouth — dies ist der falsche Zug, wenn Sie nach Bournemouth wollen

to say/do the wrong thing — das Falsche sagen/tun

the wrong side of the fabric — die linke Seite des Stoffes

you live in the wrong part of town — du wohnst nicht im richtigen Stadtteil

he's got the wrong kind of friends — er hat die falschen Freunde

you've come to the wrong man or person/place —

brown is definitely the wrong colour to be wearing this season — Braun ist diese Saison absolut nicht modern

it feels all wrong not working — es ist ganz komisch nicht zu arbeiten

it's the wrong time for jokes — es ist nicht die richtige Zeit für Witze

it's the wrong time and the wrong place for that — das ist weder die Zeit noch der Ort dafür

to do sth the wrong way — etw falsch or verkehrt machen

See:

→ number

2) (morally) schlecht, unrecht; (= unfair) ungerecht, unfair

it's wrong to steal — es ist unrecht zu stehlen, Stehlen ist unrecht

that was very wrong of you — das war absolut nicht richtig von dir

you were wrong to do that — es war falsch or unrecht or nicht richtig von dir, das zu tun

it's wrong of you to laugh — Sie sollten nicht lachen

it's wrong that he should have to ask — es ist unrecht or falsch, dass er überhaupt fragen muss

what's wrong with a drink now and again? — was ist schon (Schlimmes) dabei, wenn man ab und zu einen trinkt?

what's wrong with working on Sundays? — was ist denn schon dabei, wenn man sonntags arbeitet?

I don't see anything wrong in or with that — ich kann nichts Falsches daran finden, ich finde nichts daran auszusetzen

3) pred

(= amiss) something is wrong — (irgend)etwas stimmt nicht or ist nicht in Ordnung (with mit); (suspiciously) irgendetwas stimmt da nicht or ist da faul (inf)

is anything or something wrong? — ist was? (inf)

there's nothing wrong — (es ist) alles in Ordnung

what's wrong? — was ist los?

what's wrong with you? — was fehlt Ihnen?

there's nothing medically wrong with her — medizinisch (gesehen) fehlt ihr nichts

I hope there's nothing wrong at home — ich hoffe, dass zu Hause alles in Ordnung ist

2. adv
falsch
you do him wrong — du tust ihm unrecht

you did wrong to do it — es war falsch or unrecht or nicht richtig von dir, das zu tun

to get sth wrong — sich mit etw vertun

he got the answer wrong — er hat die falsche Antwort gegeben; (Math) er hat sich verrechnet

I think you got things a bit wrong — ich glaube, Sie sehen die Sache or das nicht ganz richtig

to get one's sums wrong — sich verrechnen

you thought wrong — Sie haben sich geirrt

to go wrong (on route) — falsch gehen/fahren; (in calculation) einen Fehler machen; (morally) auf Abwege geraten; (plan etc) schiefgehen; (affair etc) schieflaufen

my washing machine has gone wrong — meine Waschmaschine ist nicht in Ordnung

I hope the television doesn't go wrong — hoffentlich bleibt der Fernseher in Ordnung

you can't go wrong — du kannst gar nichts verkehrt machen

you can't go wrong if you buy him a bottle of whisky — mit einer Flasche Whisky liegst du bei ihm immer richtig

3. n
Unrecht nt no pl
(social) wrongs — (soziale) Ungerechtigkeiten pl

to be in the wrong — im Unrecht sein

two wrongs don't make a right — Unrecht und Unrecht ergibt noch kein Recht

to do sb a great wrong — jdm ein großes Unrecht antun

he can do no wrong — er macht natürlich immer alles richtig

all the little wrongs he'd done her — all die kleinen Kränkungen, die er ihr zugefügt hatte

4. vt

to wrong sb — jdm unrecht tun

to be wronged — ungerecht behandelt werden

* * *

wrong [rɒŋ]

A adj (adv → wrongly)

1. falsch, unrichtig, verkehrt:

a wrong opinion auch eine irrige Meinung;

be wrong

a) falsch sein,

b) unrecht haben, sich irren (Person),

c) falsch gehen (Uhr);

I may be wrong, but … ich kann mich irren oder täuschen, aber …;

you are wrong in believing that … du irrst dich, wenn du glaubst, dass …;

he was wrong to do sth es war falsch, dass er etwas tat;

do the wrong thing das Verkehrte oder Falsche tun;

you’ve got the wrong person Sie haben sich in der Person geirrt;

prove sb wrong

a) beweisen, dass jemand im Irrtum ist,

b) jemandem unrecht geben (Ereignis);

be proved wrong widerlegt werden (Theorie etc); → number A 2

2. verkehrt, falsch:

catch sb on the wrong foot → wrong-foot;

the wrong side

a) die verkehrte oder falsche Seite,

b) die linke Seite (von Stoffen etc);

(the) wrong side out das Innere nach außen (gekehrt) (Kleidungsstück etc);

be on the wrong side of 60 über 60 (Jahre alt) sein;

he will laugh on the wrong side of his mouth umg das Lachen wird ihm schon (noch) vergehen;

have got out of bed on the wrong side umg mit dem linken Bein zuerst aufgestanden sein;

get on the wrong side of sb umg sich jemandes Gunst verscherzen, es mit jemandem verderben; → blanket A 1, stick¹ A 5, track A 2

3. nicht in Ordnung:

sth is wrong with it etwas stimmt daran nicht, etwas ist nicht in Ordnung damit;

I wonder what’s wrong with him was hat er nur?;

what’s wrong with …?

a) was gibt es auszusetzen an (dat),

b) umg wie wärs mit …?;

what is wrong with you? was ist los mit dir?, was hast du?

4. unrecht, unbillig:

it is wrong of you to laugh es ist nicht recht von dir zu lachen

B adv

1. falsch, unrichtig, verkehrt:

do sth wrong etwas falsch machen;

don’t get me wrong verstehen Sie mich nicht falsch, missverstehen Sie mich nicht;

go wrong

a) nicht richtig funktionieren oder gehen (Instrument, Uhr etc),

b) fig danebengehen, schiefgehen (Vorhaben etc),

c) fig auf Abwege oder die schiefe Bahn geraten,

d) fig fehlgehen;

where did we go wrong? was haben wir falsch gemacht?;

get in wrong with sb US umg sich jemandes Gunst verscherzen, es mit jemandem verderben;

get sb in wrong US umg jemanden in Misskredit bringen ( with bei)

2. unrecht:

act wrong

C s

1. Unrecht n:

do wrong unrecht tun;

do sb wrong jemandem ein Unrecht zufügen;

two wrongs do not make a right (Sprichwort) es ist nicht recht, Unrecht mit Unrecht zu vergelten

2. Irrtum m, Unrecht n:

be in the wrong unrecht haben;

get o.s. in the wrong with sb sich bei jemandem ins Unrecht setzen;

put sb in the wrong jemanden ins Unrecht setzen

3. Schaden m, Kränkung f, Beleidigung f

4. JUR Rechtsverletzung f, -widrigkeit f

D v/t

1. jemandem (auch in Gedanken etc) unrecht tun, jemanden ungerecht behandeln:

I am wronged mir geschieht Unrecht

2. jemandem schaden, Schaden zufügen, jemanden benachteiligen

3. betrügen (of um)

4. eine Frau

a) entehren

b) verführen

* * *
1. adjective
1) (morally bad) unrecht (geh.); (unfair) ungerecht

you were wrong to be so angry — es war nicht richtig von dir, so ärgerlich zu sein

2) (mistaken) falsch

be wrong — [Person:] sich irren

I was wrong about you — ich habe mich in dir geirrt

the clock is wrong — die Uhr geht falsch

the clock is wrong by ten minutes — (fast/slow) die Uhr geht 10 Minuten vor/nach

how wrong can you be or get! — wie man sich irren kann!

3) (not suitable) falsch

give the wrong answer — eine falsche Antwort geben

say/do the wrong thing — das Falsche sagen/tun

be the wrong person for the job — für die Stelle ungeeignet sein

take the wrong turning — falsch abbiegen

get hold of the wrong end of the stick — (fig.) alles völlig falsch verstehen

[the] wrong way round — verkehrt herum

4) (out of order) nicht in Ordnung

there's something wrong here/with him — hier/mit ihm stimmt etwas nicht

there's nothing wrong — es ist alles in Ordnung

what's wrong? — ist etwas nicht in Ordnung? See also wrong side
2. adverb
falsch

get it wrong — es falsch od. verkehrt machen; (misunderstand) sich irren

I got the answer wrong again — meine Antwort war wieder falsch

get somebody wrong — jemanden falsch verstehen

go wrong — (take wrong path) sich verlaufen; (fig.) [Person:] vom rechten Weg abkommen (fig. geh.); [Maschine, Mechanismus:] kaputtgehen (ugs.); [Angelegenheit:] danebengehen (ugs.)
3. noun
Unrecht, das

two wrongs don't make a right — das gibt nur ein Unrecht mehr

do wrong — unrecht tun

she can do no wrong — sie kann überhaupt nichts Unrechtes tun

be in the wrong — im Unrecht sein
4. transitive verb
wrong somebody — jemanden ungerecht behandeln

* * *

adj.

falsch adj.

verkehrt adj. adv.

falsch adv. n.

Unrecht -e n.

English-german dictionary > wrong

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